$ 339. THE INSECTA. 429 
nebrionidae, Mordellidae,® and most of the Hymenoptera,® they consist 
of two rather short, ramified tufts, often contained entirely in the head. 
Among the Neuroptera, the Myrmeleonidae and Sialidac have two simple 
short salivary tubes, while, with the Phryganidae and Hemerobidae, they 
are ramified and highly developed. It is quite remarkable that there is, 
in this respect, a sexual difference with the Panorpidae; the males have 
three pairs of very long, tortuous tubes, while, with the females, the only 
vestiges of this apparatus are two indistinct vesicles.*? Among the Or- 
thoptera, the salivary organs are entirely absent with the Libellulidae, and 
Mphemeridae. On the other hand, they are highly developed with the 
Achetidae, Acrididae, Locustidae, Mantidae, Blattidae, Termitidae, and 
Perlidae, where they consist of two, four, or six botryoidal masses of 
vesicles, situated in the thorax, and having long, excretory ducts, beside, 
also, often long-pedunculated pyriform reservoirs.“? Among the Hemi- 
ptera,® these organs are absent with the Aphididae and the Psyllidae; but, 
on the other hand, they are very large and of a remarkable structure with 
the Bugs and Cicadidae. Here they are nearly always lobulated, and are di- 
vided by a constriction into two portions, of which the upper is much smaller 
than the lower, and often both have long digitiform processes. The excretory 
duct divides, immediately after its origin, into two special canals of equal 
or very unequal length, which extend, serpentinely, first, into the abdom- 
inal cavity, and then ascend to the mouth.“” Beside these two constricted 
glands, many Bugs have, also, one, rarely two pairs of simple salivary 
tubes, which are often dilated, vesiculiform, at their extremity.“ The 
salivary organs of the musical Cicadidae differ in many respects from those 
of the others of this family ; for, beside the two simple tortuous tubes, there 
is, in the head, another pair of glands, composed, each, of two tufts of short, 
cylindrical caeca, situated one behind the other.2? 
7 See L. Dufour, Ann. d. Sc. Nat. IV. 1824, Pl. 
XXIX. fig. 4, 5, XIV. 1840, Pl. XI. fig. 16. 
§ See L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. p. 390, fig. 48, 
72, 109, 148 (Apis, Andrena, Philanthus, and 
Xyphidria. 
9 With the Coleoptera, the ramified glands end 
in long, tortuous caeca ; while with the Hymenop- 
tera, their extremities are vesiculiform, thereby 
giving the whole gland a botryoidal aspect. _ 
See L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. p. 563, fig. 
179, 184, 191, 192, 208, 209 (Myrmeleon, Sialis, 
Hemerobius, and Phryganea). 
ll See Brants, Tijdschr. voor naturl. Geschid. 
en Physiologie, 1839, p. 173; and L. Dufour, 
Recherch. &c. p. 582, fig. 169 (Panorpa). 
12 See L. Dufour, Recherch. &c. p. 296, Pl. I.- 
VY. XIII. (Tridactylus, Oedipoda, Gryllotaipa, 
Ephippigera, Mantis, Blatta, Termes, and 
Perla).* 
18 For the salivary organs of the Hemiptera, see, 
beside Ramdohr, loc. cit. Taf. XXII. XXIII. 
especially Z. Dufour, Recherch. sur les Hémi- 
ptéres, p. 118, Pl. I. IX. 
14 The two excretory ducts are of the same length 
* [ § 339, note 12.) See also Leidy, loc. cit. p. 
82 (Spectrum femoratum). — Ep. 
+ [§ 839, note 14.) With Belostoma, the 
salivary glands are four in number, are of con- 
glomerate structure and situated on each side of 
the cesophagus into the commencement of which 
they empty. Two of them are long and extend 
backwards as far as the commencement of the ab- 
It is yet undetermined 
with Ranatra, Nepa, Naucoris, Coriva, Redu- 
vius, and Syrtis. One is very long and the other 
very short with Tetyra, Pentatoma, Syromastes, 
Coreus, Lygaeus, Aphrophora and Cercopis 
With the Hydrocorisae, above cited, the two sali 
vary glands are, moreover, composed of numerous 
round secretory vesicles. In general, these glands 
have been regarded as composed of two vesicles 
each of which has a proper excretory duct ; but 
this view is incorrect. The two excretory ducts 
are always the result of the division of a common 
trunk which arises at the constricted point of the 
gland. With Ranatra, alone, the anterior is en- 
tirely separated frum the posterior portion of the 
gland.t 
15 There is only one pair of simple salivary glands' 
with Tetyra, Pentatoma, Pyrrhocoris, Lygaeus, 
Naucoris, Nepa and Ranatra;'two pairs with 
Coreus and Alydus. With Nepaand Ranatra, 
they dilate into an oval reservoir. 
16 Syrtis, Reduvius, Pelegonus, and Corixa. 
V7 See L. Dufour, Ann. d. Sc. Nat. V. 1825, p. 
158, Pl. IV. and Recherch. &c. Pl. VIII. 
domen ; while the other two are about one-fourth 
as long. Beside these, on each side of the cesoph- 
agus, there is situated a sigmoid caecal pouch 
which opens by a narrow duct into the commence- 
ment of the cesophagus in the vicinity of the termi- 
nation of the salivary ducts; these are perhaps 
reservoirs of the saliva; see Leidy, loc. cit. p. 63, 
—Eb. 
