446 THE INSECTA. $§ 348. 
The Phosphorescent Organs of the Lampyridae and certain Hlateridae,™ 
consist of a mass of spherical cells, filled with a finely-granular substance, 
and surrounded by many numerous trachean branches.“ This substance 
which, by day-light, appears of a yellow, sulphur-like aspect, fills, with the 
Lampyridae, a portion of the abdominal cavity, and shines on the ventral 
surface through the last abdominal segments, which are covered with a 
very thin skin; while, with the Elateridae, the illumination occurs through 
two transparent spots situated on the dorsai surface of the prothorax. The 
light produced by these organs so remarkably rich in tracheae, is undoubt- 
edly the result of a combustion kept up by the oxygen of the air of these 
vessels. 
This combustion explains the remission of this phosphorescence 
observed with the brilliant fireflies, and which coincides, not with the move- 
ments of the heart, but with those of inspiration and expiration.” 
CHAPTER IX. 
ORGANS OF GENERATION. 
§ 348. 
The Insecta always multiply by means of genital organs situated in 
different individuals,” and, invariably, are provided with copulatory organs.t 
With certain species, namely, with the Apidae, and Termitidae, the females 
18 For the phosphorescene of these Coleoptera, 
see Carus, Analekt. &c. p. 168; Burmeister, 
Handb. I. p. 584, and Lacordaire, Introdact. &c. 
II. p. 140. 
19 The intimate structure of these organs has 
been studied with Lampyris italica by Peters 
(Miiller’s Arch. 1841, p. 229), and by Morren 
Cisis, 1843, p. 412). This last author says that this 
insect contains phosphorus, but adduces no fact in 
support of this assertion. 
20 Matteuci bas made numerous experiments on 
the phosphorescencé of Lampyris italica ; from 
which it appears that the phosphorescent substance 
burns by means of the oxygen contained in the 
tracheae, without any increase of the temperature, 
and without any indication of the presence of 
phosphorus; see Matteuci, Lecons sur les phé- 
nom. phys. d. corps vivants, Paris, 1847, p. 151, 
and Compt. Rend. XVII. 1843, p. 309, also in Fro- 
H q 
various Insecta, among which were Dorthesia, 
Alaerodes, &c. The wax consists of fibres which 
are perpendicular to the secreting surface, and is 
atrue product of the integument independent of 
any special glandular apparatus. — Ep. 
' * [ § 347, note 20.] See, also, a note hy me upon 
the intimate structure of the phosphorescent organs 
in Pyrophorus phosphorus, Proceed. Boston Soc. 
Nat. Hist. 1850, p. 290. — Ep. 
+ [ § 348, note 1.] See, also, for cases of true 
hermaphroditism in the Insecta, Wing (Trans. of 
the Ent. Soc. London, V. p. 119) and Wesmael 
(Bull. de l’Acad. d. Brux. 1849, II. p. 378). — Ep. 
and Froriep’s Not. No. 9, p. 135 
1 Hartig has declared that certain species of 
Cynips are hermaphrodites ; but Ratzeburg and I 
have shown that this assertion is based on an erro- 
neous interpretation of the organization of the 
females of Cynips ; see Germar’s Zeitsch. f. 
Entom. III. p. 322, Taf. I.; and IV. p. 380, 396. 
The true hermaphrodites which have as yet been 
found in the other orders of insects, notably among 
the Lepidoptera, ought to be regarded as monsters. 
Klug (Verhandl. d. Gessellsch. naturf. Freunde in 
Berlin, I. p. 363, and Jahrb. d. Inseckt. I. p. 254), 
Ochsenheimer (Die Sch J. von Europa IV. p. 
185) and Lefébure (Ann. d. 1. Soc. Entom. IV. 
1835, p. 145) have given a list of the cases of 
hermaphroditism with insects. See also Burmeis- 
ter, Handb. I. p, 338.f 
riep’s neue Not. No. 583, p. 168, and in Schleiden 
* 
$+ [§348.] The copulatory organs of the Insecta 
present wide and manifold variations, as has been 
shown especially by the recent researches of La- 
raze Duthiers, Recherches sur Armure génitale 
des Insectes, in the Ann. d. Sc. Nat. 1849, XII. p. 
353, 1850, XIV. p. 17; also his Recherches sur 
PArmure génitale femelle des Insectes Orthoptéres, 
id Ibid. XVII. 1852, p. 207, and Recherches sur 
Parmure génitale femelle des Tasectes 11émipteres, 
Ibid. XVIII. 1852, p. 337, finally the same of the 
Insectes Névroptéres, Coléopteres, Dipteres, in 
Ihid. XIX. 1853, p. 25, et seq.-- By 
