$ 348. ; 447 
are much less numerous than the males. In the colonies of Bees, Ter- 
mites, and Ants, there are, beside the males and females, 2 multitude of 
neuter individuals known as the Workers or Soldiers. 
The sexual parts of insects are developed chiefly during the pupa-state ; 
but their rudiments exist already in the youngest larvae, with which the 
sexes may then be distinguished. 
The female genital organs persist in a rudimentary germ-like condition 
with many larvae of Bees, probably owiyg to the influence of nourishment, 
for by increasing that of the workers these last may be raised to the rank 
of females or Queens. ® 
The Aphididae are very remarkable in that they produce, for several 
successive generations, only females which, in their, turn reproduce, but 
viviparously and without the direct influence of the males.“ 
The genital organs of the Insecta are composed in general, of two symmet- 
rical Ovaries, or Testicles, situated in the abdominal cavity, and of two 
-oviducts, or Deferent canals (Tubae, or Vasa deferentia) which unite in a 
common excretory duct (Vagina, or Ductus ejaculatorius) opening back of 
THE INSECTA. 
‘2 Herold (Entwickelungsgesch. d. Schmetterl.) 
‘has made very interesting researches on this pre- 
mature development of the genital organs with 
Pontia brassicae, and which accord with the ob- 
servations of Suckow (Anat. u. physiol. Untersuch. 
p. 31, Taf. ILI. V.) on those of Gastropacha pint. 
See, also, Herold, Disquisit. de Animal. Vertebr. car- 
ent. in ovo format. Tab. I. fig. 9, or Ann. d. 8c. Nat. 
XII. 1839, p. 186, Pl. VII. fig. 8. To be con- 
vinced that in the other orders of Insecta the geni- 
dal organs are also developed at a very early 
period, it is only necessary to cast a glance over 
the figure which Suckow (Heusinger’s Zeitsch. 
II. Taf. X. fig. 9) has given of Aphrophora spu- 
maria, and L. Dufour (Ann. d. Sc. Nat. XIII. 
1840, Pi. III. fig. 5) of Pyrockroa coccinea. 
3 For the origin of the neuters with the Hymen- 
optera, see T'reviranus, Zeitsch. f. Physiol. III. 
p. 220, In all the bee-workers there are found . 
* (§ 348, note 4.) The peculiar economical re- 
lations of certain Hymenoptera (Cynips) referred 
to above have received some explanation by the 
researches of Frauendorf (Hardinger Berichte tib.- 
4d. Mittheil. v. Freunden d. Naturwiss. in Wien. IV. 
p. 247, or Wiegmann’s Arch. 1849, Th. II. p. 
118), upon Gastropacha lanestris. He gathered 
two nests of the larvae at the end of June, 1836; 
by the middle of August the caterpillars had spun 
up, and on Sept. 18, the first imago appeared, and 
the second on Dec. 14; both of these were males ; 
in the spring of 1837, some twenty individuals of 
both sexes appeared; others, likewise, in the autumn 
of 1837 ; others still in the following year, and the 
Jast of them on the 4th of March, 1842. The pupa- 
state of the last of the brood was therefore five and 
a half years, while that of the first was only as 
many weeks. 
In regard to the alleged anomalous reproductive 
relations of Psyche, they have received the special 
attention of Siebedd, who has quite cleared up the 
subject (Ueber der Fortpflanzung von Psyche : Ein 
vestiges of the ovaries and of the seminal receptacle. 
See Ratzeburg, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. XV. part II. 
p. 613, Tab. XLVII. and my observations in Ger- 
mar’s Zeitsch. IV. p. 375. 
4 This mode of generation of the Aphididae (see 
§ 350) quickly reminds one of that which Steen- 
strup has called Alternate Generation. Certain 
species of Cynips belong probably to the same cat- 
egory, for their males have yet been undiscovered. 
Hartig (Germar’s Zeitsch. IV. p. 398) has been 
unable to find any individuals of this sex among 
thousands of Cynips folii and divisa. Similar 
observations have been made by L. Dufour (Re- 
cherch. sur les Orthopt. &c. p. 527). It is to me 
probable, also, that the capacity which many ento- 
mologists attribute to Psyche of laying eggs with- 
out a previous copulation is an example of alternate 
generation.* ‘ 
Transact. of the Entom. Soc. London, I. 1851, p. 234. 
In the first of these .researches made upon the 
genera Psyche and Fumea, there was no evidence 
that, with the individuals of these genera, reproduc- 
tion occurs in an anomalous manner, that is, with- 
out the aid of the male; on the other hand, the 
facts of the well-developed character of the inter- 
nal genital organs of the females, and of the capacity 
of the male to impregnate the female while she is 
concealed deeply in her case—these precluded the 
hypothesis of Lucina sine concubitu. But sub- 
sequent researches made upon Talaeporia have 
shown him that, with the individuals of this genus. 
non-sexual reproduction does occur, presenting sim- 
ilar phenomena and conditions as the generation of 
the viviparous Aphides. It is proper toremark, how- 
ever, that the carefully-made researches and exper- 
iments of Speyer upon the genital organs and mode 
of reproduction of Talaeporia lichenella, several 
years before, had shown that two successive genera~ 
tions here occur without the presence of males ; see 
his paper in the Entom. Zeit. 1847, p. 18. For the 
Beitrag z. Naturg i der linge, in 
Siebold and Kélliker’s Zeitsch. I. 1848, p. 935 
also in his Bericht tib. die entomol. Arbeiten d. 
achles. Gesellsch. im J. 1850, or its transl. in the 
and their interpretation of the develop- 
ment of the viviparous Aphididae, see my note at 
§ 355, end. — Ep. 
