160 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XXXVI, 



mountain peak or range does not enter far into the Paramo Zone, the 

 Temperate Zone may reach a higher than average level. This is especially 

 true if the zone is forested; but in the absence of forests the Paramo Zone 

 encroaches upon the upper border of the Temperate Zone which may not 

 then exceed 11,000 feet. 



In Colombia, except when interrupted by the Paramo Zone, the Tem- 

 perate Zone occupies the crest and both slopes of the ranges on which it 

 occurs. There is, therefore, no such difference in the life of its eastern and 

 western slopes as is found, for example, in those of the Subtropical Zone of 

 the Central Andes. 



In the comparatively low Western Andes, the Temperate Zone north 

 of Popayan is present only at a few disconnected localities. Richardson 

 and Miller found it west of Popayan, and Miller and Boyle discovered it on 

 the Paramillo at the northern end of the chain. At both places Diglossa 

 gloriosissima was common, but the species has yet to be taken elsewhere. 



Doubtless the Temperate Zone is also present on the "Paramo" (so- 

 called) of Frontino, and on the other higher peaks of the northern part of 

 the Western Andes. 



In the Central Andes it is probably continuous as far north as Sta. 

 Elena, east of Medellin, and, except for the subtropical break at Andalucia, 

 the Temperate Zone appears to occupy most of the summits of the Eastern 

 Andes, though I am unable to state its northern limits in Colombia. 



In Venezuela this zone reaches the vicinity of Merida. In the Santa 

 Marta group, if one may judge from Dr. Allen's summary of our knowledge 

 of its bird-life, the Temperate Zone holds comparatively few representative 

 species. Of seventy-three species which I list as characteristic of the 

 Temperate Zone in the Eastern Andes, only seven are ^pecificaDy^and only 

 eleven are generically representemn this zone in the Santa Marta moun- 

 tains. Further field-work will doubtless add to the list of Santa Martan 

 Temperate Zone species, and perhaps explain certain anomalies in distribu- 

 tion contained in Allen's paper. For example, Buarremon assimilis, which 

 we have found commonly in the Temperate Zone of all three ranges but 

 never below, is recorded from Bonda (2 adults, 2 juv. in nestling plumage), 

 a locality near sea-level. Again, Myospiza manimbe, which we have never 

 found above the Tropical Zone, is recorded on the authority of Bangs from 

 the Paramo of Macotama (alt. 11,000-15,000 ft.). 



Southward, the Temperate Zone increases greatly in area in the inter- 

 andine valleys of Ecuador, and on the tablelands of Peru and Bolivia. In 

 Argentina and Chile it descends to sea-level at a latitude not yet determined. 



Unlike the Subtropical Zone, the fauna of which is almost wanting in 

 arid, treeless regions, the Temperate Zone has strongly marked humid_and 



