52 FRUIT. GARDEN. 
deserve a good aspect, as also the early sorts of cherries. 
The later cherries, and the generality, of plums, succeed 
very well either on an east or west aspectin Scotland: and 
here the mulberry requires the protection of a wall, and 
several of the finer apples do not arrive at perfection with- 
out it. . 
The wall-trees which are intended to be permanent are 
called dwarfs, from their being grafted near the ground. 
Between each of these, trees with tall stems, called viders 
in Scotland, are planted as temporary occupants of the 
upper part of the wall. The riders should always be five 
or six years trained in the nursery, in order that when they 
are planted out they may come into bearing as speedily 
as possible. The distance at which the permanent trees 
are planted is to.be regulated by the known mode of growth 
of the different sorts, and by the height of the wall. When 
the walls are about twelve feet high, the following average 
distances have been recommended :—For vines, 10 or 12 
feet; peach and nectarine-trees, from 15 to 20 feet; fig- 
trees, 20 feet at least; apricots, from 15 to 24 feet; plums 
and cherries, from 15 to 20 feet’; pear-trees, 20 feet if on 
quince stocks, and 30 feet when on free stocks; apple- 
trees, 12 feet if on paradise stocks, and 15. to 25 feet when. 
on free stocks. Where the walls are only seven or eight 
feet high, the distance should be increased by nearly one- 
fourth, as in this case the want of height must be compen- 
sated by greater breadth. 
Apples and pears make the best espalier rail-trees, 
especially in Scotland. These should be of the more 
robust sorts, and should be planted at the distance of 15 
or 20 fect. Cherries and plums are sometimes introduced 
into the espalier rail-row, but these succeed in those situa 
