TRAINING OF STANDARDS. 53 
tions only where they aia do equally well or’ better as 
standards.. 
In many excellent Pern dwarf standards are prefer- 
ved to espalier rail-trees. They are placed along the inner 
borders at 8 or 10 feet apart. When proper attention is 
paid ‘to such ‘trees, the effect is very pleasing, edch being in 
itself a handsome object, and generally clothed with fine 
fruit. Where the situation ‘is warm, and the climate 
favorable, a few of such of the finer pear-trees as have 
hardy blossoms should be planted out in this form. Though 
they may fail to ripen their fruit in some seasons, they will 
often add greatly to the resources of the fruit-room, their 
produce being frequently superior in Asror to the pears 
grown against. walls. 
Training.—Two functions belong to  training—that, 
namely, which modifies the form of the trees, and that 
which regulates the bearing wood, and consequently the 
supply of blossom. The latter, more accurately termed 
pruning, being of a varied character, adapted to the habits 
of the different kinds of fruit-trees, will more properly 
fall to be considered when treating of the peach, pear, 
plum, &c.; at present we shall make a few remarks on the 
former. The essential properties of training are, that it 
should be simple, not requiring frequent amputation of 
large branches; that it should be appropriate to the growth 
of the tree, and such as to promote the production of fruit. 
The knife is the great instrument in training, a and whoever 
ean wield it skilfully will have a perfect command over his 
trees: at: the same time, it may be laid’ down as a maxim, 
that it should be used with some degree of -reserve, as 
nothing is more prejudicial to the health and fruitfulness 
of all sorts of trees than severe and injudicious cutting. 
Training of Standards,—Orchard-trees are generally 
