_ TRAINING. 55 
ball fashion, and after many other curious devices, have 
never been relished in Britain. In this country they are 
generally allowed to grow en bwisson, that is, as bushes. 
For Pears, the French forms, en pyramide, or pyramid 
shape (Fig. 4), and en guenouidlle, or distaff shaped (Fig. 5), 
are justly gaining ground, 
Training of Espalier Rail-Trees.—The usual form is 
the horizontal; that is, from an upright stem, branches 
are led right and left along the rails. Some prefer having 
two stems, thus diverting the upright current of the sap 
into two channels, and producing a somewhat lower growth, 
which is favorable to fruitfulness. Espalier rail-trees have 
a uniform tendency to throw out a luxuriant crop of up- 
right summer shoots; and this is to be prevented by dis- 
budding, or rubbing off numerous buds, as they appear 
from April till June. Close well-placed spurs are encour- 
aged, as from these the fruit is expected. 
Training of Wall-Trees.—A fruit-tree planted against 
a wall is evidently in a constrained and artificial situation, 
from which it makes continual efforts to escape. Much 
attention is necessary to repress this tendency, which, were 
it permitted to act, would disfigure the tree, and neutralize 
the advantages of a wall, without imparting in their place 
the freedom of a standard in the open ground. To be 
successful, the “operator ‘should be acquainted with the 
theory of vegetation, should study the mode of growth in 
different trees, and, above all, remember the purpose of all 
training, viz., the eliciting of bearing wood. @ 
One great difficulty is to preserve equilibrium in the 
growth of the several parts of the same tree: for the at- 
tainment of this object, excellent hints are to be found in 
the Pomone Frangais; we shall mention only two or 
three. A shoot will grow more vigorously whilst waving 
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