84 FRUIT GARDEN. 
would not only supply their families with abundance of 
wholesome fruit, but afford a source of regular profit. 
When vines are trained as standards, according to the 
practice pursued in Northern France or Germany, the main 
stalk or stem is not allowed to be over six or eight inches 
high. From this, two or three shoots are trained by being 
tied to a stake three or four feet high. These shoots will 
produce two or three bunches each, within a foot or eigh- 
teen inches of the ground, and they will be succeeded an- 
nually by others springing’ from the crown or top of the 
dwarf main stem. In Southern Europe the base or main 
stem is often left higher, and its side shoots secured to 
poles many feet high. 
Pruning.—This is done at two distinct periods; what 
is called Summer Pruning consists in pinching off the 
shoots having no fruit, or such as are not required for the 
succeeding year. The fruit bearing shoots, as well as those 
left for succeeding seasons, must also be topped. 
The Winter Pruning consists in trimming off all the 
wood that has borne, and shortening the new bearing wood 
for next year, to three or four eyes in cold situations, and 
to six or eight in warmer exposures. 
Soil.—In almost any good deep and dry soil, the grape- 
vine will thrive. Where the soil is shallow, very dry and 
gravelly, the produce will be less in quantity, but. of better 
flavor than that raised on rich and deep ground. 
Manures for Grape-Vines.—Dr. Liebig refers to in- 
stances where vines have been maintained in a productive 
condition for twenty to thirty years, by simply returning 
to them their leaves and trimmings, the last being cut into 
small pieces and dug into the soil by means of a spade or 
hoe. Some manures favor the growth of wood and foliage 
rather than fruit. High manuring will generally have this 
