132 FRUIT 3ARDEN. 
that is, plants having the growth of one year from the 
graft; but if good trees, trained for two or three years, can 
be procured, so much the better. It is important to ascer- 
tain that the stock and stem be clean and healthy, and to 
take great care that no injury be done by bruising or tear- 
ing the roots in lifting and removing. The young trees 
may be planted at any time, in mild weather, from the fall 
of the leaf to the beginning of March. Wall-trees require 
from 25 to 30 feet of lineal space when on free-stocks, and 
from 15 to 20 feet when dwarfed. Standards on free-stocks 
in the orchard should be.allowed at least 30 feet every way, 
while for dwarfs 15 feet may suffice. When the trees are 
trained en pyramide or en quenouille, they may stand 
within eight feet of each other. It is very desirable that 
the pear orchard should be in a warm situation, with a soil 
deep, substantial, and well drained, or, free from injurious 
latent moisture. Without attention to these circumstances, 
pear trees seldom succeed. a 
The fruit is produced on spurs, which appear on shoots 
more than one year old; the object of the pruner, therefore, 
ought to be to procure a fair supply of these spurs. The 
mode of training wall pear-trees most commonly adopted is 
the horizontal; but each of the forms already mentioned 
(pp. 52, 53) has its advantages, and is peculiarly adapted 
to some particular habit of growth in the several varieties. 
For the St. Germain and other twiggy sorts, the fan. form 
is to be preferred; for the Gansel’s Bergamot and other 
strong growers, the half-fan or the horizontal. In the latter 
form the trees may often be found fifteen, twenty, or even 
thirty years old, during which time they acquire an undue 
projection from the wall, and become scraggy and unman- 
ageable. On the other hand, the finest fruit is produced 
on young spurs, clearly indicating the necessity of a fre 
