144 FRUIT GARDEN. 
ry Cider, which retains its flavor for many months. The 
mulberry is propagated by cuttings or by layers, but, to 
expedite the production of fruit, it is useful to inarch small 
bearing branches on stocks prepared in flower-pots. Mul- 
berry standard trees succeed only in the southern coun- 
ties. These require no other training than an occasional 
thinning out of the branches. They are generally planted 
on grassy lawns, so that when ripe fruit falls from the 
higher branches, it can be gathered up without having sus- 
tained injury. In the middle districts, espalier rails may 
be employed, particularly under the reflection of a south 
wall. In colder situations, the mulberry must be treated 
as a wall-tree; and it has been recommended that the bear- 
ing shoots should be trained perpendicularly downwards. 
Mr. Knight strongly advises the forcing of this fruit in 
flower-pots, much in the same way as is done with figs. 
The mulberry as a fruit is little known in Scotland; but 
a few aged trees exist in old gardens, and in favorable sea- 
sons afford their berries. 
The Haze (Corylus Avellana), one of the indigenous 
edible nuts of England, is the original parent of the red 
and white Filbert, Cobnut, Crossford-nut, Frizzled, Span- 
ish, and other improved varieties. These succeed best on 
a rich dry loam, carefully worked, and receiving from time 
to time a slight manuring. They are generally planted in 
the slip, but thrive best in a quarter by themselves. The 
varieties are propagated by layers or by suckers; but 
-where there are stocks of the common hazel, the other kinds 
may be grafted upon them. The Cosford is generally pre- 
ferred, being thin-shelled, and having a kernel of high 
flavor. If the Filbert or the Cosford be grafted on small 
stocks of the Spanish nut, which grows fast, and does not 
