422 ANGiospEEir.E. 



Lcaicn vPi-y small, opposite, in four ranks, scale-like and appressed or more spreading 

 on older twigs and subulate on vigorous sterile shoots, Floircru in early spring, minute, 

 monu'cious, terminal, tlie two sexes on different branehlets ; stamiuate oblong with several 

 decussate stamens having ovate connectives decreasing in size from below upwards, and each 

 bearing nsuall.v two gloliose anther-cells; pistillate subglobose with decussate peltate scales 

 each hearing two to five erect ovules. Cones small, globose, erect, maturing the first season 

 but ]jersisting on the branehlets after discharging their seed, with thick peltate scales having 

 central bosses or points and each bearing at its base one to five erect compressed laterally- 

 winged seeds; cotyledons two. 



The name is from Greek roots meaning " a loic Ci/prcss." 



For species see pp. -'f2-JpS. 

 THE JUNIPEES. Genus JUNIPER L. 



Evergreen trees and shrubs of the northern hemisphere having pungent aromatic juice, 

 generally fibrous bark and very durable liglit odorous wood. About thirty-five speciees are 

 known. In the Xew World they are distributed from the Arctic Circle to the highlands of 

 Mexico. Lower California and tire West Indies in eleven arborescent species and one or two 

 shrubby. Two only of the arborescent and one of the shrubby species are found in north- 

 eastei-n T'nited States. 



Leaies of two sorts, viz.. opposite, scale-like, with gland-like disk and appressed in four 

 ranks, or subulate and free in whorls of three, sessile, sharp-pointed, without gland, convex 

 below, concave and stomatiferous above — both forms sometimes on the same plant. Flotrrrs 

 small, dioecious or sometimes moncpcious. oblong, terminal or axillary, the stamiuate yellow, 

 with peltate scales each bearing 2-0 globose anther-cells attached to its base ; the pistillate 

 consisting of 2-6 opposite or ternate fleshy pointed scales each bearing one or two erect ovules. 

 Fruit berry-like by a coalescence of the fleshy scales of the flower, blue-black or red with white 

 bloom, smooth or marked with points of the flower-scales, closed or open, containing usually 

 one to six bony wingless seeds and requiring one to three years to attain maturity ; coty- 

 ledons 2-i:. 



Juiiipcrus is the classical Latin name of the Juniper. 



KEY TO THE SrECIES. 



a Leaves of 2 kinds, both scale-like and subulate ; flowers terminal ; buds naked 



JIaturing its fruit in autumn of the first season J. Virginiana. 



Maturing its fruit in autumn of second sea.son J. scopuloruin. 



a' Leaves all subulate ; flowers axillary ; buds scaly J. communis. 



For species sec pp. 4Jf Jp and the foUouinri : 

 We.sterx Red Cedar, ./. scopuloruin Sarg. A tree very similar to the eastern Red Cedar 

 but with somewhat larger fruit, containing usually 2 seeds and maturing at the close of the 

 second season. 



CLASS II. ANGIOSPERM^. 



In distinction from the class of plants known as the Gymnospermee we now take up 

 Class II, the Angiospermw, which includes all other Flowering Plants. Its representatives 

 are thought to be of more recent origin than those of the Gijmnospcrmce and are characterized 

 by having flowers in which the ovules are borne in a closed cavity (the ovary) which becomes 

 the fruit at maturity. 



The Class is divided into two subclasses, viz.. ilonocotijledons and Dicoti/lcdons. The 

 former are plants in which the embryo contains a single cotyledon or seed leaf, the leaves 

 are parallel-veined, the parts of the flower are in 3s and the stems consist of a mass of 

 soft, pith-like tissue (parenchyma) permeated with wire-like bundles of woody tissue (fibro- 

 vascular bundles). The Palms, Yuccas, etc.. are tree representatives of this subclass, all 

 being confined to warm climates. 



Subclass 2. DYCOTYLEDONS. 



Tliese are plants in which the embryo contains two cotyledons, the leaves are netted- 

 veined. the parts of the flower are mostly in 4s or 58 and the stems consist of bark, wood and 

 pith, increasing by annual layers of wood inside the baik. They comprise by far the greater 

 part of the flowering plants including all of the trees of northern temperate regions excepting 

 those of the class Giimnospermo'. The subclass is divided into Apetalw, Polypetalce and 

 Gamop<talie, which we will take up in order. 



Division 1. APETAL.a;. 



Flowering jilants in which the corolla and also the calyx sometimes is wanting. 



