112 HIGHWAYS AND BYWAYS. 
capable to some extent of reasoning from “cause to 
consequence ;” that this intelligence differs only in 
degree among the lower, as well as among the higher 
animals; that the emotional natures are very nearly the 
same in all, differing only in intensity, and that the vir- 
tues and passions of hope, love, sympathy, fear, hatred, 
jealousy, resentment and revenge spring from the exer- 
cise of reasoning faculties equally among all classes of 
animals, high and low in the scale*of being. Lower 
animals may not solve problems in mathematics or 
puzzle their heads over questions of ethics and jurispru- 
dence, but the same display of deliberation and fore- 
thought is manifested when the migrating fowls arrange 
the manner of flight under the direction of a chosen 
leader, and the feeding flocks set sentinels to watch for 
enemies and to warn of danger, that is shown by men 
in the organization of armies, and the arrangements to 
ensure safety by sending out sentries and picket guard. 
In eating, drinking, caring for young, and trying to 
escape from apparent danger, the animal simply obeys 
the laws of instinct, but, when it finds by experience 
and change in surroundings, or by any extraneous cir- 
cumstances, a change in the mode of life practical and 
beneficial, and so departs from the usual custom of its 
kind to better its condition, it has passed beyond mere 
instinctive impulse. It is no more the impulse of in- 
stinct that causes the yellow-bellied woodpecker (Sphy- 
rapicus varius) to bore the sound tree for sap, than it is 
that causes the farmer to tap the maple in the spring. 
The bird has ascertained that the fluid is sweet and 
” 
