iv PREFACE 



Suggestions are made in the teacher's Handbook, which 

 accompanies this volume, in regard to shaping half-year 

 courses. 



The latest authorities in the various departments of botany- 

 have been consulted on all doubtful points, and the attempt 

 has been to make the book scientifically accurate throughout, 

 yet not unduly difficult. 



Most of the illustrations have been redrawn from those in 

 standard German works of an advanced character, or drawn 

 from nature or from photographs, expressly for, this book. 

 Besides the sources of drawings acknowledged in the author's 

 Elements, many cuts have been taken from the botanies of 

 Prank, Prantl, Detmer, Murray, and Bennett and Murray, as 

 well as from Schimper's Pflanz,engeographie. 



Of the drawings from nature or from photographs, some 

 iigures, and Plates I, VII, and VIII, are by Mr. Edmund 

 Garrett of Boston ; several figures, the Frontispiece, and 

 Plates II, IV, X, XI, are by Mr. Bruce Horsfall of New York ; 

 several figures are by Mr. F. Schuyler Mathews of Boston ; a 

 large number of figures and Plate V are by Mr. E. N. Fischer 

 of Boston; several figures are by Mr. E. E. Kingsbury of Boston 

 and Dr. J. W. Folsom of the University of Illinois. 



Thanks for the use of photographs are due to Mr. H. G. 

 Peabody of Boston (Fig. 234), to Mr. J. H. White of Boston 

 (Figs. 32, 76, 222), to Professor Conway MacMillan of the Uni- 

 versity of Minnesota (Frontispiece), and to Professor F. V. 

 Coville of Washington (Plate VII). Figs. 28 and 275 are 

 taken by permission from the Primer of Forestry, issued by the 

 Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Figs. 

 263, 264, 276 are copied by permission from Professor W. J. 

 Beal's Seed Dispersal, and Figs. 226, 229, 233 from Professor 

 W. M. Davis's Physical Geography. Fig. 269 is from a photo- 

 graph by Professor C. F. Millspaugh of Chicago. Plate IV 

 is from a photograph by Dr. H. J. Webber. 



