BIPSACACHM. 527 



around the hollows in which the flowers are lodged; they are also 

 surmounted by the spines consisting of the hardened and accrescent 

 lobes of the calyx. These two genera inhabit the same regions as 

 Boopis ; some of the species extend to the eastern coast of tropical 

 Brazil. 



We know that the Dipsacece were placed by A.-L. de Jussieu ' ia 

 the same family as the Valerians. Vaillant ^ had,, so to speak, 

 established the group of Dipsacece as far back as 1722, but not pre- 

 cisely enough. Adanson presented a sketch of it in 1763 under the 

 title of Scabiense^ (Scahiosce). In 1823, CotrLTiEE published his 

 Memoir on the Dipsacece,'^ which comprises all the genera now admitted 

 except Triplostegia which De Candolle ^ made known only in 1832, 

 and which he placed among the Valeriaiiacece. In 1873, Messrs. 

 Bentham and Hooker^ retained only five genera of Dipsacece: Tri- 

 plostegia, Morina, Dipsacus, Cephalaria and Scahiosa. The last two we 

 have ranged in a single generic group, and we thus constitute, in the 

 fanuly of Dipsacacece, a first series (Dipsacece), characterized by the 

 imbricate prefloration of the corolla,^ the independence of the anthers, 

 the presence of floral involucels ' and the opposition of the leaves. 



The Boopidece were considered by H. Cassini,^. in 1816, as forming 

 a distinct family, and it was not till the following year that R. Beown 

 pubUshed the work in which he gave them the name of Galycercce.^" 

 Euiz and Pavon had placed the first Galycera known among the 

 Dipsacece, under the name of Scahiosa}^ L.-C. Eichard,'^ in 1820, 

 published the most complete work on this group ; he therein com- 



' Gm. (1789) 194, Ord. 1. more judicious, lias understood that tteinvolu- 



' Ex CouLT. Mim. mr les Mpsacies. eel " is not necessarily monophylloue," and has 



' Fam. des Plant, ii. 148, Fam. 20. seen that it sometimes encloses more than one 



■i Mim. Acad. G-enive, ii. flower. We have then a small floral gioup of 



' The family of the Dipsacece (Prodr. iv. 64.3,, the category of axillary cymes corresponding to 



Ord. C) is divided into two tribes : 1, Morinece ; the partial glomerule of the JBoopideee. (See 



2, ScabiosecB. This suhdivision is retained by Bull, Soe. Linn. Par. 226.) 



Endlichek (Gen. 353, Ord. 119) but not by » Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. (26 August, 1816) ; 



LiNDLET {Veg. Kingd. 699, Ord. 271), who 7)ifr!. v. 26, Suppl. i. 32. 



adopts the name of ZlipsffMcea. . ^^ Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 132; Misc. Works 



« Gen. ii. 157. 1230, Ord. 86. " (ed. Benn.), ii. 307. 



' On its development see Barneoxid, Ann. Sc. " Fl. Per. i. 49, t. 76 (1798). 



Nat. ser. 3 vi. 288. '^ Mimoire sur une Famille de Plantes dites les 



»M. DucHARTKE has studied the development Calycirees {Mlm. Mus. yi. I^). De Candolle 



of that of Dipsacus, in a work {Ann. Sc. Nat. (Prodr. v. 1) and Endlicher (Gen. 603) have 



ser. 2, xvi. 221) in which the most serious errors retained the name of Calycerea, and Lindlet 



of Observation -abound and the conclusions of (7eg. Kingdom, 70) established that of Cahjce- 



which are incomprehensible. Ooultee, much raceiB. 



