452 UMBELLIFER/E 



Ex. 232. — Cut longitudinal and transverse sections of an old carrot. Note 

 the colour, thickness and texture of the various parts. Observe that the 

 lateral roots run through the orange parenchymatous bast and secondary 

 cortex. 



Ex. 233. — Examine the stem, branches, leaves, and inflorescences of a 

 'bolted carrot,' or the same parts in a wild carrot. 



Ex. 234. — Examine and describe individual flowers of the compound umbel 

 of a carrot. Observe the colour of the flower in the centre of each compound 

 umbel. 



Note the ovary and its two united carpels. Cut sections of young fruits 

 and examine them with the microscope. 



Ex. 235. — Obtain as many kinds of 'carrots' as possible. Note their 

 colour, shape, length, and proportion of ' rind ' to ' core ' when cut across. 



5- Parsnip {Peucedanum sativum Benth. = Pastinaca sativa L.). 

 — A wild annual or biennial plant occurring on roadsides and 

 waste places, especially on calcareous soils. Like the wild carrot 

 this plant is very easily modified by cultivation, and all the field 

 and garden parsnips have undoubtedly arisen from the common 

 wild species. 



The cultivated forms differ from the wild plant chiefly in the 

 thickness of the root ; the leaves and stems are generally less 

 hairy than the wild parsnip, but in other respects there is no 

 difference between the two. 



Seed and Germination.^ — The ' seeds ' sown for a crop are 

 thin flat mericarps of the fruit, each of which contains a single 

 true endospermous seed. 



The seedling has two narrow cotyledons and its first foliage- 

 leaves are cordate or palmately three-lobed with coarsely serrate 

 margins. 



Root and Hypocotyl. — ^These parts of the plant resemble 

 those of the carrot. 



Stem and Leaves. — The flowering stem sent up in the 

 second season of growth is stout, with deep longitudinal furrows. 

 It is hollow and grows to a height of 2 or 3 feet. 



The leaves are oblong, pinnate, with two to five pairs of 

 leaflets each from i to 3 inches long, ovate, with deeply 



