LIVING BRACHIOPODA. 333 



color of the remaining surface, the nearly transparent ampullae tinted a delicate rose-color 

 by the red blood coursing through them, the deep, rich brown markings of the pallium, 

 and the fringes of iridescent setae, form a striking picture of the beauty of these remark- 

 able creatures. In one observation (45 : 3) the brachia were thrown widely apart with the 

 coils depressed ; in this attitude a few cirri were seen brown in color, and these were not 

 aligned with the other cirri but were bending irregularly. Precisely from what part of 

 the brachia they originated, or whether they had special functions or were abnormal, was 

 not ascertained. Similar attitudes of the brachia are assumed by L. lepidula, but it would 

 be simply duplicating the figures to represent them. The veil, or collar, at the base of 

 the cirri is a much darker brown than in Glottidia (45: 15 ; 39: 2) . In 46: 4, the brachia 

 of L. lepidula are represented devoid of cirri, and again, in 53 : 8, one brachium is shown 

 in this way. These outlines were drawn through the nearly transparent cirri. In L. 

 anatina the brachia are the purest white, the border and collar a rich dark brown. In 

 40: 16, 18, is shown a view of the brachia contracted, in which the color of the borders of 

 the brachia is represented. In young L. anatina, the brachia were observed extended at 

 right angles far beyond the borders of the shell (40: 17) . 



In all my collections of Lingulidae, I have never met with very young or small speci- 

 mens. Individuals a few millimeters in length would doubtless show a much greater 

 freedom in the movements of the brachia. Realizing the interesting features displayed by 

 the young of TerebratuHna and Discinisca, of which it is easy to obtain examples, an 

 important addition to our knowledge of the life attitudes of these parts will be made when 

 the young of Glottidia and Lingula are found. It is a rather curious fact that these 

 young stages have never, to my knowledge, been collected, and with the exception of a 

 brief description of an early stage by McCrady and the admirable memoir by Brooks 

 ('79) , who was the first to make an important study of the swimming stages of Glottidia, 

 nothing is known either of the embryonic or adolescent condition of these animals. In a 

 small and unknown species of Lingula, dredged in Nagasaki Bay, and upon which but a 

 single observation was made, the underside of the brachia was dark brown, this color 

 extending to the mouth with widely diverging lips as well as to the cirri (46 : 7) . In 

 Discinisca stella, in a young stage, the brachia, head, and neck were a rich madder brown, 

 the dorsal cirri were dark brown, while the ventral cirri were white. 



The brachia in all alcoholic Lingulidae are contracted to the last degree, and it is in 

 this condition that they are always figured in memoirs on the subject. In life such an 

 attitude is never assumed unless the shells are torn violently apart. An interesting obser- 

 vation will be made when Discinisca lamellosa is studied in life. The brachia in the 

 preserved specimens are far more expanded and stand out more freely on each side of the 

 prominent head than in Lingula. They are more highly endowed with muscles, not only 



