34 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



ism, moreover, leads to a breaking down of national barriers and 

 the development of world-federations. 1 It also leads to a de- 

 crease of individual bitterness and revengefulness, hence of anti- 

 social acts. 2 



Along with the change from militarism to industrialism are 

 manifold sociological changes co-ordinated with it. In Spencer's 

 discussion of the evolution of social institutions he shows not only 

 how the changes are brought about in harmony with the general 

 laws of evolution which he has formulated, but also how in each 

 case the structure, functions and changes are correlated with the 

 movement from militarism to industrialism. The six institu- 

 tions whose evolution is thus described are the domestic, cere- 

 monial, political, ecclesiastical, professional and industrial. 



3. Tests of Progress. — Our author, as we have noted, makes 

 increasing complexity the general test of progress. More 

 specifically, the test of individual well-being is measured by 

 length of life multiplied by breadth, this latter made up of " the 

 aggregate of thought, feeling and action"; 3 the test of industrial 

 progress is increase of division of labor, and also increase of 

 interdependence; 4 the test of intellectual progress is the ever 

 increasing power of complex mental operations; 5 the test of 

 moral development is increasing adjustment of acts to ends, the 

 ends including both self-maintenance and race-maintenance. 6 

 For the individual this last test includes increase of well-being 7 

 which calls for progressive adjustment to an ever increasing 

 complexity of social relations 8 and also such activity as furthers 

 the well-being and adjustment of fellow-men. 9 The test of social 

 progress is increase of complexity in social life and institutions 

 and in social interdependence. 10 The test of religious progress is 



1 Sociology, pp. 615 ff. 2 Ibid., p. 636. 



3 Data of Ethics, p. 14. 



4 Illustrations of Universal Progress, p. 404; Sociology, iii, p. 410. 

 6 Ibid., i, ch. VII; Principles of Psychology, sections 484-493. 



6 Data of Ethics, p. 17. 



7 J bid., pp. 37, 49 f. 



8 Ibid., pp. 20, 21, 87; Sociology, iii, pp. 608 ff. 

 Data of Ethics, p. 27. 



10 Illustrations of Universal Progress, pp. 2, 403; Sociology, i, pt. 2, ch. IV; also 

 p. 597; iii, p. 410. 



