ENVIRONMENTAL SCHOOL OF SOCIOLOGISTS 117 



earth is the area of most frequent race migrations, race conflicts 

 and race mixtures, 1 yet by means of the normal frequency curve 

 used especially to show the cephalic index, our author concludes 

 that there are at present three distinct races, though by no means 

 pure, which he designates as the Teutonic, the Mediterranean and 

 the Alpine. 



The Teutonic race, occupying especially Scandinavia and 

 Germany, is described as possessed of long head, long face, light 

 hair, blue eyes and narrow, aquiline nose; the Alpine (Celtic) 

 race as found in the Alpine highlands of central Europe, as of 

 medium height and stocky in build, with round head, broad face, 

 light chestnut hair, hazel-gray eyes and variable nose; while the 

 Mediterranean race of Italy, Spain and Africa, is shown to be of 

 medium height and slender build, with long head, long face, dark 

 brown or black hair, dark eyes and rather broad nose. 2 He 

 believes that the first and third stand in direct descent from the 

 long-headed dwellers of Europe in the Pleistocene period as rep- 

 resented by the Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon skulls, but that 

 they came originally from Africa, the Teutonic being a differen- 

 tiation from the original now represented by the Mediterranean 

 race, increased stature and increased pigmentation being due to 

 environmental influences together with selection, especially arti- 

 ficial selection. 3 He believes the Alpine race to be connected 

 with the round-headed race which invaded Europe from Asia in 

 this early period, at first largely displacing the long-headed race, 

 but afterwards, in turn, crowded back by the latter into the less 

 desirable sections, as the mountain regions; the long-headed 

 people now occupying the most advantageous portions with a 

 tendency to city life, while the round-headed are essentially 

 country dwellers. 4 



Professor Ripley considers not only the problem of race segrega- 

 tion and stratification in Europe as determined by anthropomet- 

 ric measurements but also the derivation of these races and their 

 relation to language, nationality and culture. All the factors 

 that sociologists have emphasized as causes of social progress find 



1 Races in Europe, pp. 107 ft. 3 Ibid., pp. 462 f. 



2 Ibid., p. 121. * Ibid., pp. 335 f-, chs. XVII and XX. 



