128 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



integration of that which is taken as the social unity. 1 This 

 means division of labor and increasing dissimilarity in the parts 

 which make up the " social body " and in the functions performed 

 by them. 



The goal for each individual should be to find out the place in 

 the social body for which he is best adapted and fit himself for 

 that place. 2 The function of government is considered to be 

 primarily to improve the condition of the backward members of 

 the social body, and to make them fit members, to organize for 

 social efficiency and well-being and to correct pathological con- 

 ditions. 3 In this task leadership rests primarily with the elite. 4 



In his emphasis on individual and social purposeful activity, 

 then, we have the chief difference between Schaffle and Spencer, 

 in this approximating more nearly to Comte and Lilienfeld. He 

 goes far beyond the former, however, in his analysis both of the 

 structure and development of the social body, and beyond the 

 latter in his use of inductive rather than merely analogical reason- 

 ing with conclusions proportionately more scientific and satis- 

 factory. 



J. S. Mackenzie (i860- ) 

 An Idealistic Interpretation of Social Progress 



Professor Mackenzie has not done so much to develop the 

 organic concept as to analyze its meaning and rationalize its use. 

 His approach to social philosophy is through Hegelianism of the 

 Right and the Hegelian idealism and dialectic are evident at 

 many points. 



Like Spencer and SchafHe he believes in an inner principle of 

 development but unlike them he repudiates the attempt to reduce 

 this to terms of positive science. No one, perhaps, has criticized 

 more cogently than he that form of utilitarianism which, as with 

 Bentham, tries to evaluate pleasures and pains quantitatively, 

 but he fails to appreciate the fact that there may be a utilitarian- 

 ism which has an objective standard entirely different from the 

 one criticized. 



1 Bau und Leben, ii, pp. 440 f. 3 Ibid., i, p. 559; ii, pp. 194 f. 



2 Ibid., i, p. 202. * Ibid., i, p. 435 . 



