THE HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGISTS 163 



cosmic laws: (a) causation, (b) development, (c) regularity of 

 development, (d) periodicity, (e) complexity, (/) reciprocal 

 actions of foreign (" heterogen") elements, (g) adaptation to an 

 obvious end, (h) identity of forces, (i) similarity of events, 

 (j) parallelism. 



The law of reciprocal action of foreign or " heterogen " ele- 

 ments is especially important in Gumplowicz's theory and he 

 finds the social analogue of the original cosmic, atomic elements 

 in the innumerable small, diverse groups or hordes with which 

 history began. 1 He bases his conclusion concerning the multiple 

 origin of races (1) on the findings of anthropologists concerning 

 the physiological differences of individuals in every race and 

 tribe, holding that as these are strictly hereditary they signify 

 different origins; 2 (2) on the fundamental and irreducible differ- 

 ences to be found between various languages 3 and (3) on the 

 variety of primitive religions. 4 



The starting point of sociology, then, is these innumerable 

 primitive hordes, each with its own language, morals, religion, 

 etc., each with great similarity and equality between individual 

 members, 5 each possessed of consciousness of kind and instinctive 

 hatred of every other horde or group. 6 Increase of population 

 and necessity of self-maintenance bring these groups into conflict 

 resulting in the annihilation or subordination of the conquered. 

 This act of enslavement introduces into the victorious group the 

 element of inequality which is the starting point of social organi- 

 zation and which furnishes the basis of conceptions of right and 

 justice. 7 



1 Grundriss, p. 66 (Moore, pp. 78 f.). 



2 Der Rassenkampf, pp. 41 £.; Grundriss, pp. 81 f. Cf. also Fiske, Excursions 

 of an Evolutionist, ch. V, who seems to agree with Gumplowicz. 



3 Der Rassenkampf, pp. 56 f. 

 * Ibid., pp. 137 f. 



6 Grundriss, p. 190; der Rassenkampf, p. 64. 



6 Grundriss, p. 195 : " Es gibt kein Recht, das nicht der Ausdruck der Un- 

 gleichkeit ware weil all und jedes Recht die Vermittlung ist zwischen ungleichen 

 socialen Elementen, die Urspriinglich, zwangsweise herbeigefuhrte Versohnung 

 widerstreitender Interessen, welche erst durch Uebung und Gewohnheit auch die 

 Sanction der neuen Sitte erlangt," ibid., p. 190. 



' Grundriss, pp. 91 f., 135 f., 177 f., 189 f. 



