FORMULAE OF SOCIAL PROGRESS 201 



and love. His writings are inspiring, — as religious writings always 

 should be, — and tend to make the religionist more respectful 

 in his attitude toward nature and natural law, and the scientist, 

 if not repelled by Drummond's interpretations, more inclined to 

 appreciate the values of life as well as life's processes; but such a 

 method has this disadvantage: bias prejudices the mind to see not 

 what is but what is desired. Some of his " natural laws in the 

 spiritual world " are examples of this defect. 



The chief contributions of Drummond are: (i) his explanation 

 of sympathy and love as due to the result of biological evolution 

 interpreted in terms of adaptation, and (2) his explanation of 

 social organization as the outgrowth, by an analogous process, 

 of the instincts of nutrition and reproduction. 



Franklin H. Giddings (1855- ) 

 Consciousness of Kind 



Turning from the doctrine of imitation as developed from Smith 

 through Bagehot, Tarde and Baldwin, with a suggestion of most 

 recent lines of criticism of this doctrine by McDougall, Cooley 

 and Thorndike, we find in F. H. Giddings not only a psycho- 

 logical analysis of imitation but especially, in his doctrine of 

 Consciousness of Kind, the culmination of the analysis of the 

 function of sympathy as made by A. Smith, Fiske, Drummond, 

 et al. 



In the social philosophy of Giddings we have a selective syn- 

 thesis of the contributions of the writers we have considered, and 

 an original contribution in his analysis of and emphasis on con- 

 sciousness of kind as the fundamental social fact. 1 With Comte he 

 accepts a positivistic and organic view of society; 2 with Spencer 

 he makes use of general laws of cosmic evolution to explain social 

 progress. 3 He accepts Durkheim's theory of constraint 4 with 

 some recognition of his emphasis on consciousness of difference as 



1 " It is about the consciousness of kind, as a determining principle, that all 

 other motives organize themselves in the evolution of social choice, social volition 

 or social policy." — Principles, p. 19. 



2 Ibid., p. 6. 



3 Elements, ch. XXV, especially pp. 335 f. * Principles, p. 15. 



