202 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



a means of social cohesion. 1 He accepts Tarde's law of imitation, 

 with slight modification, 2 and Novicow's theory of progress from 

 physical through intellectual conflicts to ever increasing har- 

 mony. 3 Ward, too, with his emphasis on individual and social 

 telesis, has left his impress, 4 and Baldwin with his " dialectic of 

 personal growth," has left his; 5 while Bagehot's " discussion " 

 and " animated moderation " find place though under different 

 phraseology. He makes large use of Darwin's theory of natural 

 selection, also, applying it to groups, ideals and institutions. 6 



Giddings holds that science cannot get beyond the dualism of 

 matter and mind, this being the province of philosophy. 7 He is 

 classed among the dualistic sociologists by Barth, 8 and his dis- 

 tinction between the physical and psychical is, for the most part, 

 so clean cut as to warrant such a classification. 



" All the conscious activities of mankind," according to our 

 author, "spring from certain internal motives, such as passions, 

 appetites, desires of various kinds, and ideas." 9 These motives 

 are classified as those of appreciation giving pleasure through the 

 sensory organs, and, later through mental activity; utilization 

 leading to the satisfaction of the various appetites; characteriza- 

 tion, leading to the satisfaction of desire for enlargement of per- 

 sonal life as distinguished from mere self-preservation, and the 

 primary motive of socialization or the desire for companionship, 

 sympathy, etc. 10 



These various motives work out the processes or practical 

 activities through various methods: that of appreciation through 

 the methods of response to stimuli and imitation; that of utiliza- 

 tion through the methods of attack, impression and invention; 

 that of characterization through the methods of persistence, 

 accommodation and self-control; that of socialization through the 

 method of assimilation, — all of these being so many modes of the 

 one universal method of conflict. 11 



1 Elements, pp. 194 f., 215, 353. ' Elements, pp. 330 f. 



2 Principles, pp. 15, 102 f. 8 Op. cit., pp. 183 f. 

 8 Ibid., pp. 14 f.; Elements, pp. 346 f. 9 Elements, p. 45. 



4 Principles, p. 11. 10 Ibid., pp. 46 ff. 



6 Elements, pp. 342 f. u Ibid., p. 50. 



6 Principles, see Index. 



