288 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



James shows how impossible it is to find the causes of human 

 variation either in heredity or in the environment, and holds that 

 the deflecting cause which produces a genius instead of a dunce 

 " must He in a region so recondite and minute, must be such a 

 ferment of a ferment, an infinitesimal of so high an order, that 

 surmise itself may never succeed even in attempting to frame an 

 image of it." 1 " The causes of production of great men," he 

 continues, " lie in a sphere wholly inaccessible to the social phi- 

 losopher. He must simply accept geniuses as data, just as Darwin 

 accepts his spontaneous variations." For him, as for Darwin, 

 the only problem is, these data being given, how does the environ- 

 ment affect them, and how do they affect the environment ? 

 " The mutations of societies . . . from generation to genera- 

 tion," he says, " are in the main due directly or indirectly to the 

 acts or the example of individuals whose genius was so adapted 

 to the receptivities of the moment, or whose accidental position of 

 authority was so critical that they became ferments, initiators of 

 movement, setters of precedent or fashion, centers of corruption, 

 or destroyers of other persons, whose gifts, had they had free 

 play, would have led society in another direction." 2 



From this quotation it is certain that James recognized the 

 relativity of genius even as did Spencer, Fiske, Tarde, and Ward, 

 but with this difference: with James, the work of the genius is 

 relative to the receptivity of his group and age, with the others, 

 the relativity of genius is due to the fact that he is the product of 

 his group and age, though he may be so great a variation from the 

 type as to warrant the appellation " sociological sport." 3 



every case for its subject-matter the growth, development, structure, and functions 

 of the social aggregate, as brought about by the mutual actions of individuals, whose 

 natures are partly like those of all men, partly like those of kindred races, partly dis- 

 tinctive.'' The fact remains, however, that the burden of Spencer's teaching is 

 contrary to that of James. Cf. quotation from Spencer, Will to Believe, p. 232. 



1 The Will to Believe, p. 225. 2 Ibid., p. 227. 



3 Cf. Ward, Pure Sociology, pp. 243 ff . Lombroso held that the genius and the 

 insane were but a step removed from each other. Galton showed by a study of 

 many families that the genius was sometimes of sound family stock, but again 

 related to a defective strain. Nordau and Sumner have distinguished between the 

 genius who is a true leader in the line of advance, and the genius who is a 

 degenerate although confining their discussion for the most part to the latter. 



