HOW TO MAKE A BIRDSKIN. 43 
from the general plumage. It is a common fault of stuffing not to draw the legs closely 
enough to the body. Above all, look out for the centre of gravity; though you have really 
fastened the bird to its perch, you must not let it look as if it would fall off if the wires slipped; 
it must appear to rest there of its own accord. Next, give the head and neck a preliminary 
setting, according to the attitude you have determined upon. This will bring the plumage 
about the shoulders in proper position for the setting of the wings, to which you may at once 
attend. If the body be correctly fashioned and the skin of the shoulders duly adjusted over it, 
the wings will fold into place without the slightest difficulty. All that I have said before 
about setting the wings in a skin applies here as well; but in this case they will not stay 
in place, since they fall by their own weight. They must be pinned up. Holding the wing 
in place, thrust a pin steadily through near the wrist joint, into the tow body. Sometimes 
another pin is required to support the weight of the primaries; it may be stuck into the flank 
of the bird, the outer quill feather resting directly upon it. With large birds a sharp pointed 
wire must replace the pin. When properly set, the wing-tips will fall together or symmetri- 
cally opposite each other, the quills and coverts will be smoothly imbricated, the scapular 
series of feathers will lie close, and no bare space will show in frqnt of the shoulder. Much 
depends upon the final adjustment of the head. The commonest mistake is getting it too 
far away from the body. In the ordinary attitudes of most birds little neck shows, the head 
appearing nestled upon the shoulders. Ifthe neck appears too long, it is not to be contracted 
by pushing the head directly down upon it, but by making an S curve of the neck. No precise 
directions can be given for the set of the head, but you may be assured it is a delicate, difficult 
matter; the slightest turn of the bill one way or another may alter the whole expression of the 
bird. You will of course have determined beforehand upon your attitude, upon what you wish 
the bird to appear to’ be doing; then, let your meaning be pointed by the bird’s bill. 
On the general subject of striking an attitude, and giving expression to a stuffed bird, little 
can be said to good purpose. If you are to become proficient in this art, it will come from 
your own study of birds in the field, your own good taste and appreciation of bird life. The 
manual processes are easily described and practised; it is easy to grind paint, I suppose, but 
not so to be an artist. I shall therefore only follow the above account of the general processes 
with some special practical points. After ‘‘attitudinizing” to your satisfaction, or to the best 
of your ability, the plumage is to be carefully ‘‘ dressed.” Feathers awry may be set in place 
with a light spring forceps, or needles fixed in a handle, one by one if necessary. When no 
individual feather seems out of place, it often occurs that the general plumage has a loose, 
slovenly aspect. This is readily corrected by wrapping with fine thread. Stick a pin into the 
middle of the back, another into the breast, and perhaps others, elsewhere. Fasten the end of 
a spool of sewing cotton to one of the pins, and carry it to another, winding the thread about 
among the pins, till the whole surface is covered with an irregular network. Tighten to 
reduce an undue prominence, loosen over a depression ; but let the wrapping as a whole be 
light, firm, and even. This procedure, nicely executed, will give a smoothness to the plumage 
not otherwise attainable, and may be made to produce the most exquisite curves, particularly 
about the head, neck, and breast. The thread should be left on till the bird is perfectly dry ; 
it may then be unwound or cut off, and the pins withdrawn. When a particular patch of skin 
is out of place, it may often be pulled into position and pinned there. You need not be afraid 
of sticking pins in anywhere: they may be buried in the plumage and left there, or withdrawn 
when the skin is dry. In addition to the main stuffing, a little is often required in particular 
places. As for the legs, they should be filled out in all such cases as I indicated earlier in this 
section ; small birds require no such stuffing. It is necessary to fill out the eyes so that the 
lids rest naturally ; it may be done as heretofore directed, or by putting in pledgets of cotton 
from the outside. A little nice stuffing is generally required about the upper throat. To stuff 
a bird with spread wings requires a special process, in most cases. The wings are to be wired, 
