98 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 
skull. This is called the ‘angle of the jaw ; ” it is a good landmark, which must by no means 
be confused with the ‘angle of the mouth,” where the horny parts of the beak come together. 
The lore (Lat. lorum, a strap, or bridle; hence, place where the cheek-strap passes; fig. 25, 2) 
includes pretty much all the space between the eye and the side of the base of the upper 
mandible; a considerable part of it is simply ante-orbital. Thus we say of a hawk, ‘lores 
bristly ;” and examination of a bird of that kind will show how large a space is covered by the 
term. Lore, however, should properly be restricted to a narrow line between the eye and bill 
in the direction of the nostrils. It is excellently shown in the heron and grebe families, where 
“naked lores” is a distinctive character. The lore is an important place, not only from being " 
thus marked in many birds, but from being frequently the seat of specially modified or specially 
colored feathers. The rest of the side of the head, including the space between angle of jaw 
and bill, has the name of cheek (Lat. gena, first eyelid, then, and generally, the prominence 
under the eye formed by the cheek-bones; fig. 25, 36). It is bounded above by loral, infra- 
orbital, and auricular regions; below, by a more or less straight line, representing the lower 
edge of the bony prong of the under mandible. It is cleft in front for a varying distance by the 
backward extension of the gape of the mouth; above this gape is more properly gena, or malar 
region (Lat. mala, upper jaw) in strictness ; below it is jaw (maxilla), or rather “‘side of the 
jaw.” The lower edge of the jaw definitely separates the side of the head from the ‘“ under 
surface” of the head; properly bounded behind by an imaginary line drawn straight across froni 
one angle of the jaw to the other, and running forward to a point between the forks of the 
under mandible. As already hinted, ‘‘ throat” (gula ; fig. 25, 37) extends upward and forward 
into this space without obvious dividing line ; it runs into chin (Lat. mentum ; fig. 25, 38), of 
which it is only to be said, that it is the (varying in extent) anterior part of the under surface 
of the head. Anteriorly, it may be conveniently marked off, opposite the point where the 
feathers end on the side of the lower jaw, from the féathery space (when any) between the 
branches of the upper mandible itself; this latter is called the interramal space (Lat. inter, 
between, ramus, fork). 
The head is so often marked lengthwise with different colors, apt to take such definite 
position, that these lines have received special names. Median vertical line is one along the 
middle of pileum, from base of bill to nucha; lateral vertical lines bound it on either side. 
Suprethary line has already been noticed; below it runs the lateral stripe; that part of it 
before the eye, is loral or ante-orbital ; behind the eye, post-orbital ; when these are continu- 
ous through the eye, they form a trans-ocular (Lat. trans, across; oculus, eye) line ; below 
this is malar line, or cheek-stripe (Lat. frenum, a bridle) ; below this, on the under jaw, mac- 
wlary or submaxillary line ; in the middle below, mental or gular lines. 
No part of the body has so variable a ptilosis as the head. In the great majority of birds 
it is wholly and densely feathered; it ranges from this to wholly naked; but nakedness, it 
should be observed, means only absence of perfect feathers, for most birds with unfeathered 
heads have a hair-like growth of filoplumes on the skin. Our samples of naked-headed birds 
are the turkey, the vultures, the cranes, and some of the heron tribe, as ibises. Associated with 
more or less complete “ baldness,” is the frequent presence of various fleshy outgrowths, as 
combs, wattles, caruncles (warty excrescences), lobes, and flaps of all sorts, even to enumerate 
which would exceed our limits. The parts of the barn-yard cock exemplify the whole; among 
North American birds they are very rare, being confined, in evident development at any rate, 
to the wild turkey. Sometimes horny plates take the place of feathers on part of the head; as 
the frontal shields of the coots and gallinules. .A very common form of head-nakedness marks 
one whole order of birds, the Steganopodes, which have mentum and more or less of gula 
naked, and transformed into a sort of pouch, extremely developed in the pelicans, and well seen 
in the cormorants. The next commonest is definite bareness of the lores, as in all herons 
and grebes ; in the former including the whole circum-orbital region. A little orbital space is 
