114 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 
such eases, the feather-border of the wing pronounces the letter W quite strongly, — outer 
lower angle at point of primaries; middle upper angle at reéntrance between primaries and 
secondaries; inner lower angle at point of tertiaries. 
The “ point of the wing” is at the tip of the longest primary. It is best expressed when 
the first primary is longest. Sometimes the end is so much rounded off, that the midmost 
primary may be the longest one, the others being graduated on both sides -of this projecting 
point. In speaking of the relative lengths of remiges, we always mean the way in which their 
tips fall together, ‘not the actual total lengths of the feathers. Thus a second primary, whose 
tip falls opposite the tip of the first one, is said to be of equal length, though it may actually 
be longer, being seated higher up on the pinion. The development of the prinaries also 
furnishes one of the most important measurements of birds: for the expression ‘length of 
wing,” or simply ‘‘the wing,” means the distance from the “bend of the wing,” or carpal 
angle, to the end of the longest primary. The integument of the wing dves not very often 
develop anything but feathers. Occasionally 
Claws and Spurs are found upon the pinion. Claws have been already noticed (p. 108). 
They are properly so called, being horny growths comparable in every way to those upon the 
ends of the toes, like the claws of beasts, or human nails. A spur (Lat. calcar), however, is 
something different, though of the same horny texture, since it docs not terminate a digital 
phalanx, but is off-set from the side of the hand. It is exactly like the spur on the leg of a 
fowl, which obviously is not a claw. The spur-winged goose (Plectropterus), pigeon (Didun- 
culus), plovers (Chettusia, ete.), and the doubly-spurred screamer (Palamedea), afford exam- 
ples of such outgrowths, of which the Jaganas (Parra) furnish the only, though a very 
well-marked, illustration among North American birds. (See fig. 53 ter.) 
III, THE TAIL. 
Its Bony Basis. — Time was when birds flew about with long, lizard-like, bony and, 
fleshy tails, having the feathers inserted in a row on either side like the hairs of « squirrel’s. 
But we have changed all that distichous arrangement since when the Archeopteryx was 
steered with such a rudder through the scenes of its Jurassic life. Now the true separate 
coccygeal bones are few, generally about nine in number, and so short and stunted that they do 
not project beyond the general plumage,—in fact scarcely beyond the border of the pelvis. 
Anteriorly, within’ the bony basin of the pelvis, there are several vertebre, which, fusing 
together and with the true sacrum, are termed urosacral or false tail-bones. To these 
succeed the true caudal vertebra, movable upon each other and upon the urosacrum. The 
last one of these, abruptly larger than the rest, and of peculiar shape, bears all the large 
tail-feathers, which radiate from it like the blades of a fan. The true caudal vertebrae col- 
lectively form the coccyw (Gr. kéxxv€, kokkux, a cuckoo; from fancied resemblance of the 
human tail-bones to a cuckoo’s bill) ; the enlarged terminal one is the vomer (Lat. vomer, a 
plough-share, from its shape; not to be confused with a bone of the skull of same name) or 
pygostyle (Gr. muyn, puge, rump, and oridos, stulos, a stake, pale). The pygostyle, however, 
is a compound bone, consisting of several stunted coccygeal vertebrae fused in one. The bones 
are moved by appropriate muscles, and upon the surface is seated the el@odochon (p. 86). The 
whole bony and muscular affair is familiar to every one as the ‘ pope’s nose” of the Christmas 
turkey; it is a bird’s real tail, of which the feathers are merely appendages. In descriptive 
ornithology, however, the anatomical parts are ignored, the word “tail” having reference solely 
to the feathers. These, like those of the wings, are of two sorts: the coverts or tectrices, and 
the rudders or rectrices (Lat. rectriv, pl. rectrices, a ruler, guider; because they seem to 
steer the bird’s flight); corresponding exactly to the coverts and remiges of the wings. The 
