230 GENERAL ORNITHOLOGY. 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE ORDERS AND SUBORDERS. 
Page 
I. Tors 3; 2infront,1 behind . . 2 soe ee ee es « Piciformes of PicaRim 444 
Ii. Toes 3; 3in front. Toes — cleft or semipalmate : Bogda I esas, Oe - LIMicoLa 596 
—palmate. Nostrils—tubular. ...... .. . . . LONGIPENNES 732 
—nottubular . “ + 2 « » « . »PYGOPODES 787 
III. Tors 4; 2in front, 2 behind. Bill—cered and hooked. . . a 3 . . Psirract 494 
— neither cered nor hooked. “Tail ‘feathers —8or 10 
Cuculiformes of PICARIA 444 
—12 Piciformes of PICARLE 444 
Iv. Tors 4; 3in front, 1 behind. 
Toes —syndactyle . . . . oe es « « Cuculiformes of PICARIE 444 
— totipalmate (all four full-webbed) ee 3 . + « STEGANOPODES 718 
— palmate. Bill — curved up 4s . LIMICcOLa 596 
— not curved up — lamellate 7 5 ‘ LAMELLIROSTRES 677 
— not lamellate. Hallux — lobate : . . PYGOPODEs 787 
— not lobate LONGIPENNES 732 
—lobate. Tail — rudimentary . Pa . . PYGOPODES 787 
— perfect. — A horny frontal shield . etl . ALECTORIDES 665 
—WNofrontal shield. . . . “ c . LIMICOLE 596 
— semipalmate; joined by evident movable basal web (go to A). 
— cleft to the base or there immovably coherent (go to B). 
A. Hind toe — elevated. Tibise — feathered below. Nostrils— perforate. . . Cathartides of RAPTORES 496 
— imperforate. Gape — reaching below eye 
Cypseliformes of PICARLE 444 
— not reaching below eye 
GALLINE 571 
— naked below. Nostrils — perforate . ‘i . ALECTORIDES 665 
— imperforate. Tarsi — : scutellate i in front 
‘ LIMIcoLa 596 
—reticulate. Head — bald 
HERODIONEs 647 
— feathered 
LIMICOLz 596 
— not elevated. Tibie — naked below . . aos . HERODIONES 647 
— feathered below. Bil— corel ‘end hooked Fi . RAPTORES 496 
—notcered. Nasal — membrane soft CoLUMB 561 
— scale hard GALLINZ 571 
B. Hind toe — elevated. Gape— reaching below eye. . a8 Cypseliformes of PIcaRrta& 444 
— not below eye. 1st primary — ariateinate orabout=2d . . LimicoLa 596 
— not emarginate and shorter than 2d 
ALECTORIDES 665 
—not elevated. Nostrils — opening beneath soft swollen membrane +. . COLUMBz 561 
— otherwise. Bill — cered and hooked x ‘ . RApPToRES 496 
'— otherwise. Secondaries — only six 
Cypseliformes of PICARLE 444 
— more than six (go to a). 
a. Primaries — 10; 1st more than 3s long asthe longest .. . oe + + « Clamatores of 
— 10; 1st not 2 as long as the longest : ety . : Oseines of PASSERES 238 
sens ey Na ee ee BSCR AS 
