ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 231 
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES. 
Page 
TOES 3,—21N FRONT, 1 BEHIND. . . den & Mawar bis see te oe we we oe tw th we ww PLOW 477 
TOES 3,—3 1N FRONT. (Go to HI.) 
TOES 4,—2 IN FRONT, 2 BEHIND. (Go to III.) 
TOES 4, —3 IN FRONT, 1 BEHIND. (Go to IV.) 
[Tozs 8, — 8 In FRonT.] 
Toes — completely webbed. Nostrils — tubular (Albatrosses). . . + + + + « . . PROCELLARIIDZ 173 
—not tubular (Auks, &c.) . . . ALCIDa 797 
— incompletely or not webbed. Legs — about as long as wings. Bill subulate (stilt) RECURVIROSTRIDE 609 
— much shorter than wings (go to a). 
(a) Tarsus — scutellate in front, about as long as bill (Sanderling) . . . . . SCOLOPACIDE 614 
— reticulate in front — shorter than red chisel-like bill (Oyster-eatcher) . H2MATOPODIDE 606 
— longer than bill (Plovers) “ ‘ oo % . CHARADRIIDZ 597 
III. [Tozs 4,— 2 1n rront, 2 BEHIND.] 
Bill — cered and strongly hooked. Tarsus granulated (Parrot) . . se ee PsitTacipz 496 
— not cered; inner hind toe — 3-jointed; Plumage iridescent (Trogon) . rae . TROGONIDZ 468 
— 2-jointed ; — tail of — 8 or 10 soft feathers (Cuckoos, &e. ) . . CucuLipz: 470 
—12 (apparently only 10) rigid acuminate feathers 
(Woodpeckers) . . F Picipa 477 
[Tors 4,— 3 1n Front, 1 BEHIND.] 
HIND TOE — INSERTED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE REST (AND ALWAYS SHORTER THAN THE SHORTEST 
FRONT TOE). (Go to A.) 
— NOT INSERTED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE REST (AND GENERALLY BUT NOT ALWAYS NOT 
SHORTER THAN THE SHORTEST FRONT TOE). (Go to B.) 
[The hind toe elevated. | 
Feet — TOTIPALMATE (all 4 toes webbed ; hind toe semi-lateral and barely elevated). (Go to A.) 
— PALMATE (3 front toes full-webbed, hind toe well up, simple or lobed or ted by slight webbing to 
base only of inner toe). (Go to B.) 
— LOBATE (3 front toes partly webbed or not, and conspicuously bordered with plain or scalloped mem- 
branes ; hind toe free, and simple or lobed). (Go to C.) 
— SEMIPALMATE (2, or 3, front toes webbed at base only by small yet evident membrane : hind toe well up, 
simple). (Goto D.) 
— SIMPLE (front toes with no evident membranes ; hind toe well up, simple). (Go to E.) 
(A.) Tarsus — feathered, partly ; tail deeply forked; bill epignathous (Frigate-bird). . . . TACHYPETID& 730 
— naked; bill — > tail, hooked at tip, furnished with enormous pouch (Pelicans) PELECANIDA 721 
— < tail; throat — feathered; middle tail feathers filamentous (Tropic-birds) 
PHAETHONTIDE 731 
— naked; tail— pointed, soft; tomiasubserrate(Gannets) SULIDZ 720 
—rounded, stiff; bill — paragnathous (Anhinga) 
PLoTIDz 729 
-— epignathous (Cormorants) 
PHALACROCORACIDE 723 
