94. 
298. 
95. 
299. 
FRINGILLIDZ!: FINCHES, BUNTINGS, SPARROWS, ETC. 393 
nest in bushes and shrubbery, large, domed, with lateral entrance; eggs 3-6, 0.65 0.50, 
white, speckled with reddish. 
PYRRHULO'XIA, (Lat. pyrrhula + loxia; pyrrhula, a bullfinch ; loxia, a cross-bill. Gr. 
muppds, purhros, red; Ao€ias, lowias, crooked.) BUuULLFINCH CARDINALS. Bill very short and 
stout, hooked almost like a parrot’s: its depth at base exceeding its length; under mandible 
deeper than upper at nostrils; culmen curved almost to the quadrant of a circle ; commissure 
foreibly angulated in advance of nostrils; gonys about straight. Otherwise generally like’ 
Cardinalis. Colors grayish and red; head erested. One large species. 
P, sinua'ta, (Lat. sinuata, bent, bowed, curved; sinus, a bend, bay: alluding to the bill.) 
BULLFINCH CARDINAL. TEXAS CARDINAL. Conspicuously crested, and otherwise like the 
common cardinal in form, but the bill extremely short and crooked. @: Ashy-brown, paler 
or whitish below; the crest, face, throat, breast, and middle line of belly, with the wings and 
tail, more or less perfectly crimson or carmine red; bill whitish. Length 8.00-8.50; extent 
11.00-12.00; wing 3.50-4+.00; tail 3.75-4.25. @ similar to the #, more so than 9 Cardinalis : 
red of crest, wings, and tail much the same; rather brownish-yellow below, usually with traces 
of red on the breast and belly, sometimes without. Young J like the 9. At an early age, 
both sexes have the bill obscured. In this species the crest is long, but thin, consisting of a 
few coronal feathers, without general elongation of the head-plumage. The shade of red is very 
variable in equally adult males. In highest feather it is continuous on the under parts from 
bill to tail along the median line; but it is often broken into patches on throat, belly, and 
erissum. The tint is always carmine, not vermilion as usual in the common cardinal. The 
intense rose-color is well displayed on spreading the wings. A singular bird, inhabiting the 
U. 8. near the Mexican border, from Texas to Lower California; abundant in the valley of 
the Lower Rio Grande. The habits, nest, and eggs are substantially the same as those of the 
common cardinal. 
CARDINALTIS. (Lat. cardinalis, pertaining to cardo, 
a door-hinge; cardinal, that upon which something 
hinges or depends ; hence important, principal, cardinal 
point ; cardinal, a chief ecclesiastical official, wearing 
the red hat; hence cardinal-red, trom which color the 
bird is named. Fig. 254.) CARDINAL GROSBEAKS. 
Bill very large and stout, but quite conic ; culmen a little 
convex ; gonys about straight ; commissure sinuate, not 
abruptly angulated ; lower mandible about as deep as 
upper; rictus bristled. Wings very short and rounded; 
usually 4th and 5th quills longest, others rapidly grad- 
uated both ways, — 5th to Ist, 5th to 9th. Tail longer 
than wings, rounded, of broad feathers with obliquely 
Fig. 254. — Head of Cardinal Grosbeak, 
oval tips. Tarsus longer than middle toe and claw; mat. size. (Ad nat. del. E. C.) 
lateral toes subequal. Size large. Head crested. Color mostly red, including bill. Sexes 
subsimilar. : 
C. virginia‘nus. (Of Virginia; name inappropriate to Queen Elizabeth. Figs. 254, 255.) 
CARDINAL GROSBEAK. CARDINAL REp-sirp. Vireinta Nicutincats. , adult: Rich 
red, usually vermilion, sometimes rosy; pure and intense on crest and under parts, darker on 
back, where obscured with ashy-gray, as it is also on upper surfaces of wings and tail; the 
feathers of the wings fuscous on inner webs. A jet-black mask on the face, entirely surround- 
ing the bill, extending on the throat. Bill coral-red; feet brown. Length 8.00-9.00; extent 
11.00-12.00 ; wing 3.50-4.00 ; tail 4.25-4.75 ; bill 0.67-0.75 ; tarsus 0.90-1.00. rather less: 
Ashy-brown, paler and somewhat yellowish-brown below, with traces of red; reddening much 
as in the @ on crest, wings, and tail. Young g: At first like 9, but soun reddening ; at an 
