PICARLZ:: PICARIAN BIRDS. 445 
this order includes all the non-passerine Land Birds down to those with a cered bill (parrots 
and birds of prey). Excluding the parrots, which constitute a strongly marked natural group, 
of equal value with those called orders in this work, the Picarie correspond to the Strisores -- 
Scansores of authors; including, however, some that are often referted to Clamatores. (This 
“order” Scansores, or Zygodactyli, containing all the birds that have the toes arranged in 
pairs, two in front and two behind (and some that have not), is one of the most unmitigated 
inflictions that ornithology has suffered; it is as thoroughly unnatural as the divisions of my 
artificial key to our genera.) I have no faith whatever in the integrity of any such grouping 
as “‘ Picarie” implies; but if 1 should break up this conventional assemblage, I should not 
know what to do with the fragments; not being prepared to follow Garrod to the length of 
a classification of birds based primarily upon the condition of certain muscles of the leg; and 
knowing of no available alternative. With this protest, and upon such understanding, I retain 
the Picarian group, as in the original edition of the Key, to include all the N. A. Land Birds of 
non-passerine character, without a hooked and cered bill, and without the proper characters of 
the Columbine and Galline families. 
Manifestly, from what has been said, the Picarie are insusceptible of satisfactory definition ; 
. but I may indicate some leading features, mostly of a negative character, that they possess in con- 
mon. The sternum rarely conforms to the particular Passerine model, its posterior border 
usually being either eutire or else doubly-notched. The vocal apparatus is not highly developed, 
having not more than three pairs of separate intrinsic muscles; the birds, consequently, are 
never highly musical. There are some modifications of the cranial bones not observed in 
Passeres. According to Sundevall, the Picaria, like lower birds, usually lack a certain special- 
ization of the flexor muscles of the toes seen in Passeres. The feet are very variously modified ; 
one or another of all the toes, except the middle one, is susceptible of being turned, in this or 
that case, in an opposite from the customary direction; the fourth one being frequently capable 
of turning either way; while in two genera (of Picide the first, and in two others (of Alce- 
dinide) the second, toe is deficient. The tarsal envelope is never entire behind, as in the 
higher Passeres. Another curious peculiarity of the feet is, that the claw of the hind toe is 
smaller, or at most not larger, than that of the third toe ; and on the whole the hind toe itself 
is inconsiderable, weak if not wanting, not always perfectly incumbent and apposable. The 
wings, endlessly varied in shape, agree in possessing ten developed primaries, of which the first 
is rarely spurious or very short. (A notable exception to this occurs in the Pict.) A very 
‘general and useful wing-character is, that the coverts are larger and in more numerous series 
than in Passeres; the greater coverts being at least half as long as the secondary quills they 
cover, and sometimes reaching nearly to the ends of these quills. This is the common case 
among lower birds, but it distinguishes most of the Picari@ from Passeres; it is not shown, 
however, in the Picide and some others. The tail is indefinitely varied in shape, but the 
number of its feathers is a good clue to Picarie. There are not ordinarily more than ten perfect 
rectrices, and occasionally there are only eight ; the Woodpeckers have twelve, but one pair is 
abortive ; there are twelve, however, in the Kingfishers, and some others: The bill shows 
numnberless modifications in form, and has its own specialization in nearly every family ; it 
assumes some of the most extraordinary shapes, as in the hornbills and toucans, and is seldoin 
of the simple style seen in a thrush or finch ; it is never hooked and cered as in parrots and birds 
of prey, nor soft and swollen at the nostrils, as in pigeons. 
With this slight sketch of some leading features of the group (it will enable the student to 
recognize any Picarian bird of this country at least, and that is my main object), I pass to the 
consideration of its subdivision, with the remark that a precedent may be found for any con- 
ceivable grouping of the families that is not perfectly preposterous, and for some arrangements 
that are nearly so. As well as I can judge from the material at my command, and relying upon 
authority for data that I lack, the Picarie fall into three divisions at least. These I shall call 
