438. 
439. 
440. 
441. 
152. 
PICIDZE :: WOODPECKERS. 483 
P. villo’sus. (Lat. villosus, hairy, shaggy, villous. Fig. 333.) Harry WoopPecker. Spotted 
and lengthwise streaked, but not banded. Usually 9-10 long; outer tail-feathers wholly white. 
Back black, with a long white stripe down the middle. Quills and wing-coverts with a pro- 
fusion of white spots; usually 6-7 pairs on the primaries, several on all the secondaries, and 
one or more on each of the coverts. Four middle tail-feathers black; next pair black and 
white; next two pairs white, as stated. Under parts white. Crown and sides of head black, 
with a white stripe over and behind the eye; another from the nasal feathers running below 
the eye to spread on the side of the neck; a scarlet nuchal band in the @, sometimes broken 
in two, wanting in the 9. Young with the crown mostly red or bronzy, or even yellowish. 
Eastern N. Am., abuvdant. Length usually 9.00-10.00; extent 15.50-17.50 ; wing 4.50-5.00 ; 
tail 3.50; bill 1.12; whole foot 1.66. Varies greatly in size, mainly according to latitude. In 
the West, shades directly into P. ». harrisi, by disappearance of the spots from the coverts and 
inner secondaries; the change occurs on the Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mts. One of the 
common Eastern U. S. woodpeckers, in British Am. trending westward to the Pacific in 
Alaska; but not so often noticed as the little P. pubescens, as it is less familiar, and keeps more 
in the woods. Resident wherever occurring. Eggs 4-6 or 7, 1.00 X 0.75. ‘ 
a. major. Northern: very large and hoary. Length up to 11.00; wing over 5.00; tail 
nearly 4.00; whole foot 1.90; bill 1.50! (P. leucomelas Bodd.) 
b. medius. The ordinary bird, as above. 
c. minor. Southern: very small and dark. Grading down to 8.00, thus within an inch of 
the maximum of P. pubescens. (P. auduboni Sw.) 
P.v.har/risi. (To Edward Harris.) Harris’ Wooppecker. Exactly like villosus, except- 
ing fewer wing-spots ; generally none ou the coverts and inner quills; with specimens enough 
we can see the spots disappear one by one. Generally white below, but in some regions 
smoky-gray (a thing not observed in Eastern birds), such being especially the case on the 
Pacific slopes, where the smoky-bellied birds also sometimes acquire a few thin black stripes 
on the sides; those from the interior being quite purely white below. Size of an average 
P. villosus. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, U. 8. 
P. pubes‘cens. (Lat. pubescens, coming to puberty; i.e. hairy. Fig. 334.) Downy Woop- 
PECKER. Usually 6-7 long; outer tail-feathers barred with black and white. Exactly like 
P. villosus, except in these respects. Length 6.00-7.00 ; 
extent 11.00-12.00; wing 3.50-4.00; tail under 3.00; 
bill about 0.66; whole foot 1.25. Eastem N. Am., — 
abundant in orchards, and all wooded places. Range ™ 
substantially the same as that of the hairy woodpecker, 
but in most U.S. localities the more abundant of the 
two; on the whole rather more southerly. This is the 
little spotted bird that bores the apple-trees so persist- 
ently ; but it does not appear to hurt them. There is 
no such difference in the character of the plumage as 
the terms ‘‘downy” and ‘‘ hairy” imply. Eggs about — Fia. 334.—Downy Woodpecker, nat. size. 
6, 0.85 x 0.70. (Ad nat. del. E. C.) 
P. p. gaird/neri. (To Dr. Meredith Gairdner, a Scotch naturalist.) Bearing the same relation 
to P. pubescens that harrisi does to P. villosus ; the wing-spots few or wanting on the inner 
quills and the coverts, the belly smoky-gray in some localities. Rocky Mts. to the Pacific, 
U. 8., but much rarer than P. pubescens is in the East, and almost wanting in much of the 
Rocky Mt. region, where P. harrist abounds. 
XENOPI'CUS. (Gr. gévos, xenos, rare, foreign.) MaskED WoopprecKErRS. Form as in 
Picus proper. Body uniformly black, Head white. Tongue said to be but little more 
extensible than in Sphyropicus (not verified by me). 
