192. 
564 SYSTEMATIC SYNOPSIS. —COLUMBA — PERISTERZ.. 
ordinary Pigeons, and the anatomy is conformable to a usual type, except that the lining of the 
gizzard is ossified. 
4. The large Old World genera Treron and Ptilopus, with which latter another large 
genus, Carpophaga, is closely related, are a group of fruit-eating, arboricole species, with a 
short, stout beak, short, soft, broad-soled and extensively feathered feet, normally 14 rectrices, 
and soft lustreless plumage, of which green is the characteristic color. Of such Zreronine or 
Treronid@, ‘54 species are confined to the Austro-Malayan, while 28 inhabit the Indo- 
Malayan, subregion: In India 14, and in Africa a species are found; 30 inhabit the Pacific 
Islands, and 8 occur in Australia or New Zealand, while New Guinea has 14 species ” 
( Wallace). 
5. There area large number of Pigeons of both the Old and New World, possessing neither 
the peculiarities already stated nor those of the Columbine proper, to be presently given. 
They are the Zenaidine and Phapine of Bonaparte, with more or less lengthened naked tarsi, 
and of more or less terrestrial habits. They are exemplified by such genera as Chamepelia 
and Melopelia with 12 rectrices, and Zenaidura with 14, of America; by Lopholemus with 12, 
Geopelia, Phlogenas and Ocyphaps with 14, and Phaps with 16, of the Old World. Nearly- 
all possess the ambiens and oil-gland, without ceca or gall-bladder. Having many points in 
common, these ground-doves might form a subfamily Zenaidine or Phapine, notwithstanding 
the peculiarities of certain genera. Such a group would correspond to the two Bonapartian 
subfamilies just named, and closely with the Phapine of Garrod. 
6. From the Zenaidine thus composed our genus Starnenas differs more notably than 
authors, excepting Garrod, seem to have appreciated. It is a pullet-like ground-pigeon, with 
long reticulate tarsus, short and somewhat elevated hind toe; with ceca and without oil-gland 
or ambiens muscle, the reverse of the rule in Zenaidine as above noted. It can hardly be 
referred to the totally different Treroning on the single circumstance of lacking the ambiens, 
and must stand alone, in such division of the family as is here sketched, as type of a new sub- 
family Starnenadine. 
7. With the remaining Colwmbide there is no difficulty, as they form a well character- 
ized restricted subfamily Columbine. The leading genera are the square-tailed Columba, of 
both Worlds; the round-tailed Turtwr of the Old; the wedge-tailed Macropygia of the Old, 
matched by the wedge-tailed Ectopistes of the New. The species are arboreal, with short feet, 
scutellate or partly-feathered tarsi, and 12 tail-feathers; cceca, oil-gland, and ambiens present ; 
gall-bladder absent. 
Of the seven groups thus indicated, three are North American. They may readily be 
distinguished as follows. 
Analysis of North American Subfamilies of Columbide. 
Tarsi scutellate, feathered . . 1. 6 2 ee ee ee ee te ht Columbine 
Tarsiscutellate, naked . . . 1 1. 1 ee ete tt ee ; «+ « Senaidine 
Tarsi reticulate, naked . gos CaaS! cep eee Bas eee aE ae eo . . Starnenadine 
48. Subfamiiy COLUMBINZ: Typical Pigeons. 
Feet small; tarsus short, not longer than the lateral toes, scutellate in front, feathered 
above. Wing pointed, of 10 primaries. Tail variable in shape, of 12 rectrices. Bill typically 
as described above. Arboreal. (See above for anatomical characters.) 
Analysis of Genera. 
Tail nearly even, much shorter than the wing, with broad obtuse feathers . . . .. .. Columba 192 
Tail long, cuneate, equal to wings, with narrow tapering feathers + + «ye + « « EHetopistes 193 
COLUM/BA. (Lat. columba, a pigeon.) Bill short and comparatively stout, about half as 
long as head. Wings pointed, 2d and 3d quills longest. No black spots on scapulars. Lateral 
toes of about equal lengths, with claws about as long as middle toe without; hind toe and claw 
