ANATIDE — FULIG ULINA:: SEA DUCKS. 699 
3 
in consequence of which the gait is still more awkward and constrained than the ‘‘ waddle” of 
ordinary ducks; but swimming powers are enhanced, and diving is facilitated. A large 
number of the species are exclusively maritime, but this is no more the case with all of them, 
than is the reverse with the river ducks. These birds feed more upon mollusks and other 
animal snbstances (not, however, upon fish, like the mergansers) than the river ducks do, and 
their flesh, as a rule, is coarser, if not entirely too rank to be eaten; there are, however, signal 
exceptions to this, as in the case of the canvas-back. The sexes are unlike, as among the 
Anatine ; and besides the difference in color, the 9 is often distinguished by the absence or 
slight development of certain tuberosities of the bill that the $ of several species, as of scoters 
and eiders, possesses. A large majority of the species inhabit the Northern Hemisphere; there 
are some forty in all, exhibiting « good deal of diversity in minor details, really requiring 
recognition of many genera. Among notable exotics, we have the soft-billed Hymenolemus 
malacorhynchus of New Zealand, and the short-winged Micropterus cinereus of South America, 
both related to our genus Camptolemus ; there are but few others. The genus Hrismatura is 
the type of a small group remarkable for the character of the tail, as described beyond, and 
sometimes considered as a subfainily apart. Biziwra lobata of Australia, with a fleshy appen- 
dage under the bill, the African Thalassornis leuconota, the Nesonetta aucklandica, and several 
species of Hrismatura and Nomonyx, compose this group. 
Analysis of Genera and Subgenera. 
Tail-feathers rigid, narrow, linear, exposed to their bases by shortness of coverts. 
Nail of bill ordinary . i rai 
Nail of bill narrow above, overhanging and waaened beneath Hib of bill : . . . Erismatura 298 
Tail-feathers and their coverts ordinary (central pair very long, however, in Harelda ¢). 
Bill variously gibbous, or appendaged, or feathered beyond nostrils. 
Bill gibbous at base, then broad, depressed, with large fused nail, without frontal processes. 
Gibbosity of bill superior, circumscribed; feathers not projected on culmen. 
Tail 16-feathered. : Color entirely black (DEMIA) : 
Gibbosity of bill superior, circumscribed ; feathers projected on culmen: “rail 14 
feathered. dg: Color black or dark, with white wing-patch (MELANETTA) 
Gibbosity lateral as well as superior; feathers projected on culmen. 
Tail 14-feathered. g: Color black, with white head-patches (PELIONETTA) 
Bill gibbous at base, with large frontal processes. 
Frontal processes in line with culmen (SOMATERIA proper) . . . Pa 
Frontal processes bulging out of line with culmen (ERIONETTA) - eae 
Bill not gibbous, but feathered on culmen beyond nostrils(ARCTONETTA) . . 
Bill not gibbous, but appendaged with leathery expansion of side of upper mandible, 
cheeks not bristly (HENICONETTA) 
Gdemia 297 
Somateria 296 
Bill not gibbous, but appendaged with a lobe at base of commissure. . . ¢ | Histrionicus 295 
Bill not gibbous, but pcaitaigds with a leathery expansion of side of nigioe mandible; cheeks 
bristly . . ... . e 9 P ‘ fem . Camptolemus 294 
Bill ordinary. 
Nail of bill large, fused. Tail (of ¢') about as long as wing be ass Be he . . . . Harelda 293 
Nail of bill narrow, distinct. Tail of ordinary length and shape. ‘ 
Bill shorter than head, high at base. Head of ¢ puffy or crested, iridescent, with 
white patches; crissum white; colors black and white, in masses . - +. clang ula 292 
do, white spot before eye (CLANGULA proper) pons Aes 
¢; white patch behind eye (BUCEPHALA) go 4 oa 
Bill about as long as head. Head of # black, red, or peowis without spots; cris- 
sum dark . ae Se, a et i 
Bill dusky. Head of # dusky reddish ‘(AmIsronErTA) . a . . . + 2? Fuliguia 291 
Bill bluish or blackish. Head of f black or red. (FULIX) Geass Carrey On, 
Bill red. Head red, crested (European). (FULIGULA proper). ..... 
Note. — See further analyses of the subgenera (some of which are of generic value) under heads of Gdemia, 
Somateria, and Fuligula. 
291, FULIGULA. (Lat. fuligula or fulicula, dim. of fulix or fulica, a coot; fuligo, soot.) 
BLACK-HEAD and ReD-HEAD Ducks. Scavups and Pocuarps. Bill ordinary, without 
special gibbosity or peculiar outline of feathers at base, only in one species (F. vallisneria) 
