200 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 
effort, based exclusively upon Koch’s method, did not give good results. They 
found it difficult to make exact microscopic diagnoses, and also found it im- 
possible to give agricultural laborers the doses of quinine prescribed by Koch, 
since such doses incapacitated them from work and made them refuse subsequent 
treatment. Giving the doses recommended did not in two cases prevent the re- 
appearance of the fever. They concluded that, if the results obtained by them 
in this test are compared with the results which they obtained in Algeria by 
mechanical defense against mosquito bites and the use of petroleum against 
their larve, there can be no doubt about the superiority of the latter methods. 
The theoretical idea of the disinfection of the blood of malarious patients is 
very logical, provided that the quinine actually kills the parasite in all its stages. 
Quininization has been used in many of the British colonies, not entirely on 
the Koch plan to use it as the sole means of doing away with malaria, but as an 
auxiliary, and with considerable success. In British Guiana, as pointed out by 
Boyce, the government gives out quinine at the postoffices to laborers, and he 
states that it is sought after and does good. 
In Italy very marked results have followed the general use of quinine, intro- 
duced by the government and encouraged in every possible way. There was 
already a very marked reduction of malaria in the first years following the dis- 
covery of the transmission of the disease by mosquitoes, when many efforts were 
made to control malaria through the mosquito. Further improvement was 
brought about by extensive drainage operations, but the statistics show that 
with the introduction of the free use of quinine there was a great reduction in 
the, until then still high, malarial rate. Professor Celli is the strongest advo- 
cate of the extensive use of quinine. He believes that by this means alone 
malaria can be controlled in Italy and that other measures are negligible. 
There has been much opposition to his view, but he argues that drainage 
measures, while theoretically the ideal method of malaria control, can not be 
carried out in a sufficiently perfect manner to insure results. He points out 
that drainage can never be perfect and that the smallest collections of water will 
furnish breeding places for Anopheles. Furthermore, agricultural irrigation 
works, established on the reclaimed lands, have unavoidably established new 
breeding places for Anopheles. It seems to us that neither method alone would 
have given the results now obtained, but just what share should be credited to 
the different methods would be difficult to determine. Certainly in Italy the 
general use of quinine appears to have very materially reduced malaria. The 
accompanying maps, from Professor Celli’s paper in the Atti della Societa per 
gli Studi della Malaria, vol. xi, 1910, show the wonderful improvement which 
has been brought about in malarial conditions in Italy through the modern ideas. 
Stephens and Christophers state that a prophylactic method was tried with 
considerable success at one point in Africa. This consisted in removing the 
residences of the Europeans to a distance from the native town, and thus, from 
the source of infection. “Several years ago at Accra, Gold Coast, the residences 
of the officials were removed from Accra town to an unoccupied site about half 
a mile from any native dwellings, since called Victoriaborg. ‘This is almost the 
