202 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 
only case we have seen where in Africa a scheme of segregation has been carried 
out. The result has been to make Victoriaborg reputedly the most healthy 
European settlement on the West Coast of Africa.” 
THE MOSQUITOES THAT CARRY MALARIA. 
No mosquitoes belonging to genera other than Anopheles have been shown to 
carry malarial diseases of human beings. Culex quinquefasciatus has been 
shown by Ross to be the necessary secondary host for a closely allied malarial 
disease of birds, and other mosquitoes have been shown to carry malarial dis- 
eases of other animals. At present our knowledge of malarial diseases in wild 
animals is very slight. With the human species it will probably be ascertained 
that many, though by no means all, of the species of the genus Anopheles, in its 
broader sense, transmit malaria. Grassi, Bignami and Bastianelli have proved 
that in Italy Anopheles maculipennis, A. bifurcatus and A. superpictus trans- 
mit the various types of malaria. In Japan and Formosa, Tsuzuki deter- 
mined that Anopheles jesoénsis, A. formosaénsis and A. cohesa are responsible 
for tertian and estivo-autumnal malaria.* Dr. W. S. Thayer, in his chapter on 
malaria, vol. 2, part 2, Allbutt & Rolleston’s System of Medicine, London, 1909, 
indicates the following species as having been shown to carry malarial infection: 
Anopheles bifurcatus (Hurope) ; A. maculipennis (Europe) ; A. quadrimacu- 
latus (North America) ; A. jesoénsis (Japan) ; A. martini, A. pursati (Cam- 
bodia) ; A. vincenti (Tonkin) ; A. listoni, A. culicifactes (India) ; A. funesta, 
A. superpicta, A. paludis (West Africa); A. coustant (Madagascar and Re- 
union) ; A. costalis (Africa) ; A. cruzi (Brazil) ; A. albimanus (Panama). Ac- 
cording to Stephens and Christophers Anopheles listont, A. culicifacies and A. 
fuliginosus are the species principally concerned in India, and to these A. turk- 
hudi has been added and A. jeyporensis is suspected. Kinoshita reports Anoph- 
eles annulipes as transmitter of pernicious malaria in Formosa. Dr. Arthur 
Neiva states that in Brazil Anopheles albimanus, A. argyritarsis, A. pseudo- 
maculipes, and A. intermedium have been proved malaria carriers. Hxperi- 
mental work with Anopheles punctipennis in the United States was begun in 
1902. Smith in New Jersey, on the 24th of September, caused a number of 
specimens of the females of this species to bite a patient suffering with malaria. 
These specimens were later examined by Dr. W. N. Berkeley, of New York City, 
but without any definite result. Hirschberg reports the result of comparative 
experiments with Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Anopheles punctipennis con- 
ducted by feeding them with the blood of patients known to contain the parasite 
of estivo-autumnal malaria. The results were that of 58 specimens of Anopheles 
punctipennis fed, none were found to be infected, whereas of 48 A. guadrimacu- 
latus fed, 8 were found to be infected. The same writer pointed out that the 
distribution of the latter species in the vicinity of Baltimore coincided in a gen- 
eral way with the occurrence of malaria-infected districts. The disease prevailed 
% Bi veh eee to Kinoshita Anopheles jesotnsis=A, sinensis, A. formosaénsis and A. cohesa= 
. listont, 
