ASSOCIATION WITH MAN 205 
While full descriptions, not only of the adults, but of the early stages of the 
different species of malaria-bearing mosquitoes, together with some remarks 
concerning the geographical distribution and habits, will be found in their ap- 
propriate places under the systematic consideration of the genus Anopheles, later 
in this work, some general consideration of their habits will be given here. The 
general question of distribution is briefly mentioned under the head of geo- 
graphical distribution of malaria. 
RESTING POSITION OF ADULTS. 
Much has been said concerning the resting position of Anopheles as compared 
with that of other mosquitoes. It has been held that Anopheles always sits with 
its body-axis at a considerable angle to the surface upon which it rests. This, 
however, can not be relied upon for identification. When Anopheles rests upon 
a surface, such as the wall of a room, the body is frequently held at only a 
comparatively small angle to the surface; in fact, it is sometimes held parallel, 
but more often at a considerable angle. The angle at which the body is held 
differs with the species and is characteristic for it. The hind legs are frequently 
in motion but as a rule hang down with more or less of a bend at the knee joint. 
In whatever position Anopheles rests, the beak and the rest of the body are 
practically in the same plane, whereas with other mosquitoes the beak and the 
abdomen are by no means in the same place. In Culex and Aédes, for example, 
the appearance is that of being humpbacked. During hibernation, the hind legs 
are drawn in, and, for the most part, the body is brought close to the wall, as 
observed by one of the writers (Howard) upon Anopheles quadrimaculatus 
hibernating in barns in southern Idaho. 
Giles has found an Indian Anopheles, which he claims has exactly the resting 
attitude of a Culex. This caused him to give it the specific name culicifacies. 
Grassi states that Anopheles superpictus holds itself rigidly perpendicular to the 
wall, and the Sergents state that Anopheles hispaniola rests in the same perpen- 
dicular attitude. Schiiffner has observed the same habit in a Sumatran species. 
Peryassii states that Anopheles nimba rests and flies like a Wyeomyia, with the 
hind legs raised and curved forward over the body. 
SEMI-DOMESTIC AND WILD SPECIES. 
Several of the species of Anopheles seem to be on the verge of becoming do- 
mesticated, like Culex pipiens, and the yellow-fever mosquito, and are commonly 
found about houses. They attempt to enter houses at the times during which 
they are active and, once inside, remain there. They seek cellars, attics, barns, 
and outhouses for hibernation purposes. They often find shelter elsewhere, as 
under culverts and other protected places, but they seem to prefer to get into 
buildings if possible. 
Mr. A. H. Jennings has pointed out that, in the Canal Zone, Anopheles 
albimanus is the semi-domesticated form and occurs everywhere about houses 
and villages. This species, in fact, is the great carrier of malaria in the Ameri- 
can tropics. Away from civilization, in Panama and the neighboring countries, 
