206 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 
Mr. Jennings states that this species is very rare or can not be found at all, but 
Anopheles eiseni takes its place as a wild, undomesticated species. 
James and Liston have a significant statement which bears upon this differ- 
entiation in regard to domesticity among the different species of Anopheles in 
India. 
“Tt is a well recognised fact that some species of ‘ anopheles’ are more com- 
monly found near villages and dwellings than others. We may, in fact, divide 
these insects broadly into two classes: the ‘ domestic’ species, which are usually 
found near human dwellings, and the ‘ wild’ species, which are rarely found in 
houses. Of the first class, A. rosst is a typical example, and of the second A. 
barbirostris. Some species would appear, as regards this habit, to occupy a place 
intermediate between the typically domestic and the typically wild species. 
A, fuliginosus, for example, may, in certain parts of India, be found in enormous 
numbers in the sheds and outhouses on the outskirts of a village, while in other 
parts, though large numbers may be caught in tents pitched at some distance 
from a village, few or none will be found in the houses of the village itself. 
“Tt is usual to say that the greater the number of ‘ anopheles’ there are in a 
place, the greater will be the prevalence of malaria. This is not by any means 
borne out by experience. We have already mentioned that some species of 
‘ anopheles’ are better malaria-carriers than others, and apart altogether from 
the fact that ‘ anopheles’ may be abundant in a place without there being any 
malaria there at all, it often happens that the species which is present most 
abundantly is not the one which is carrying malaria at the time. It is, however, 
a difficult matter to estimate the relative abundance of different species in any 
place, for some are much more easily seen than others, and the habits which some 
species have of secreting themselves among the straw of a thatched roof and of 
resting only upon objects which are as nearly as possible the same colour as they 
are themselves, are very important. In order to exemplify this, it seems worth 
while to recount an instance which happened in our experience. In the malari- 
ous village of Ennur in the Madras Presidency, A. rossi was so abundant that on 
almost every straw of the thatched roof of every house three or four specimens of 
this species were resting. A careful search in the ordinary way did not reveal the 
presence of any other species, and it is certain that, had there been no other 
object in the search than the mere determination of the species of ‘ anopheles’ 
present in the village, the observer would have gone away quite satisfied that 
A. rossi was alone present. But the village was an extremely malarious one, and 
knowing that A. rosst was an inefficient carrier of malaria in nature, he was 
unwilling to believe that no other species was present in the houses. Fixing his 
mind, therefore, upon the thought that he was looking for A. culicifacies and not 
for A. rossi, he again commenced the search with great care, and was rewarded 
not only by detecting the presence of A. culicifacies, but by catching a sufficient 
number of this species during several days’ work, to prove that it was the species 
responsible for the prevalence of malaria in the place and not the very much 
more abundant species A. rosst.” 
HIBERNATION AND /ESTIVATION. 
Anopheles pass the winter, for the most part, in the adult condition. In 
regions with a rigorous climate the fecundated female is the only form that sur- 
vives the winter and starts a fresh generation with the return of mild weather. 
Smith has shown that in New Jersey they begin to seek winter quarters in Sep- 
tember. He dissected specimens during the winter and found the alimentary 
canal empty and the ovaries undeveloped. In the early winter he found the 
