ANOPHELES AND MAN 207 
abdomen filled with a fatty mass, but in the early spring the fatty mass had 
disappeared. In cellars and in attics they remain motionless on the walls, 
or under shelves in pantries. Professor Hodge, of Worcester, Massachusetts, 
has found them resting under such pantry shelves in winter literally by thou- 
sands. This points out the great desirability of cellar fumigation in winter in 
malarial regions, as will be shown under the head of remedies. In Washington, 
adults often appear in houses during the winter when stimulated by high tem- 
perature. Under such circumstances they have been known to bite even in mid- 
winter, although it would seem that it is only a small proportion of the hiber- 
nating individuals that become active. Giles has found that in the colder 
portions of northern India, Anopheles hibernate, and he points out that they 
pass the intense dry heat of the early summer in much the same condition. 
Grassi found that Anopheles can not withstand the same amount of desiccating 
heat as other mosquitoes. Stephens and Christophers state that in India the 
Anopheles pass the hot, dry season in houses, and although they feed at intervals 
they will not lay eggs even if artificial breeding-places become available. James 
and Liston, in India, found eggs, young larve, and pup of two species during 
the winter in newly made breeding-places and another species was able to hiber- 
nate in the larval condition. Giles on the other hand shows that in many locali- 
ties in India Anopheles may be found in all stages practically every month in 
the year, decreasing in numbers in the hot weather and increasing in the rainy 
season, the determining factor undoubtedly being the moisture conditions. 
Hibernating larve have been found in Italy and Galli-Valerio and Rochaz de 
Jongh have demonstrated that the larve of Anopheles bifurcatus hibernate 
normally in Switzerland. 
FEEDING HABITS OF ANOPHELES. 
The feeding habits of the female Anopheles have an important bearing on 
the malarial relations of these mosquitoes. It has already been pointed out that 
certain species of Anopheles occur more or less in association with man and these 
species are the important malaria carriers. Other species show, at least, no 
preference for man. Thus, for example, Jennings has observed that, in Panama, 
Anopheles eiseni is the abundant species in regions uninhabited by man, while 
A. albimanus, which is the chief malarial agent in the American tropics, is 
absent from such localities. The Anopheles found in localities uninhabited by 
man must have recourse to other animals to procure blood. Schiiffner asserts 
that a species of Anopheles found by him in Sumatra could not be induced to 
suck blood. On the other hand, he remarks on the extreme voracity of another 
species, and this last species proved to be instrumental in the transmission of 
malaria. “ When the animals have an empty stomach it is sufficient, in order to 
feed them, to put the hand into the cage. Instantly this is covered with them, 
and one feels, from the slight burning sensation which follows immediately, how 
rapidly they can sting. When they have once begun to suck they do not easily 
allow themselves to be disturbed ; one can touch and shake them without succeed- 
ing in driving them away. Therefore there is no trouble in capturing them while 
