LARVAL HABITATS 219 
water-logged boats, and in stone troughs, and in fact found them fourteen times 
altogether with Culea and ten times with fish. Grassi and Ficalbi state that 
Anopheles maculipennis is most frequently found in flat land in Italy, the larve 
requiring clear water rich in vegetable food. Austen found in Freetown that 
Anopheles larve occurred in stagnant puddles varying from a foot to several feet 
at the sides of the streets, but many were met in the still water in little bays at 
the side of slowly running shallow ditches. Whether the water was clear or 
muddy seemed to make no difference, but green alge were nearly always present, 
and in some puddles tadpoles were numerous. Veazie, of New Orleans, finds 
Anopheles larve in the ponds out in the suburbs and in the swamps back of the 
city. Colonel Gorgas, in the Havana campaign, found that the most efficient 
work was done by his malaria brigade along the small streams, the irrigated 
gardens and similar places in the suburbs. Anopheles bred principally in the 
pools and puddles well protected with grass, and were abundantly found in the 
small holes made by the footsteps of cattle and horses, which observation has 
been frequently repeated elsewhere. F.C. Pratt, of the Bureau of Entomology, 
has found them breeding in temporary standing water between rows of corn in 
lowlands in North Carolina. 
As a matter of fact Anopheles larve may breed in almost any standing water. 
Smith, in answer to his own question “where does Anopheles breed?” says 
“ Everywhere.” He has found the larve in trap-pails in his back yard, and 
states that he has found no pool so insignificant and no stream so rapid but that 
somewhere in it Anopheles can breed. He has found the larve of A. quadri- 
maculatus on the salt marsh, and he has taken a larva of A. punctipenmis in a 
stream that was so foul that it resembled an open sewer. He says: 
“ Small creeks through meadow land, the ditches and gutters or drains along 
railroad and other embankments, and the shallow overgrown edges of ponds or 
swamp areas are favorite breeding places. Pools containing grassy or other 
vegetation are nearly always infested, and ponds with lily pads, dock, saggittaria 
and other plants of a similar character, are danger points. The larve need only 
amere film of water, and this being found over a leaf or at a grassy edge, protects 
them from the usual natural enemies. . . . no other mosquito has as wide a 
range of breeding places as have the species of Anopheles.” 
James and Liston, in their admirable study of Anopheles in India, state also 
that it is almost impossible to find a collection of water in which Anopheles may 
not occasionally be found. Unless every collection of water is systematically 
searched, important breeding-places may be overlooked. It is the opinion of 
these writers that each species has a particular kind of breeding-ground that it 
prefers above any other, a fact which has been noted by other observers in other 
parts of the world. Celodiazesis barberi, for example, in the United States, and 
Anopheles eiseni in Central America, breed in collections of water in tree-holes, 
frequently far away from human habitations. James and Liston point out that 
at Jalpaiguri two species of Anopheles were common; A. rossi bred in the small 
shallow, muddy puddles and pools near and among the native huts; A. nigerri- 
mus bred at some distance from the village in the deep natural pools of a swampy 
marsh. Neither of these larvee was found in the breeding-places of the other. 
