220 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 
This principle, they state, extends to all the species of Indian Anopheles, and 
they point out an excellent example in three species found in an isolated bazaar 
at Mian Mir. Here there were three species, A. culicifacies, A. fuliginosus, and 
A. rossi. “This bazaar is surrounded by an irrigation channel about four feet 
wide and three feet deep. At the upper end of this water-course and about ten 
yards from it are a number of broad shallow muddy pools. At the lower end 
of the water-course and about thirty yards from the bazaar is a swampy piece 
of land covered with thick trees and shrubs, and containing a number of deep 
clear pools in which water plants and weed had grown.” The adults of all three 
species were present in the houses of the bazaar, but in the irrigation channel 
only the larve of A. culicifacies were found, while in the shallow, muddy pools 
only the larve of A. rossi, and in the deep, clear pools under the trees only the 
larve of A. fuliginosus. Each of these species, therefore, had selected a par- 
ticular kind of breeding-place. In another part of Mian Mir still another species 
of Anopheles was found breeding in the earthenware vessels of water. This 
species was A. stephensi, and it was not found breeding elsewhere. 
The Sergents in Algeria studied with great care the subject of breeding-places, 
but there is little to add to what is given above. They call attention to the fact 
that in this country of the Arabs the spring, without which a community of 
people can not exist, is at the same time the indirect cause of the unhealthiness 
of the region in serving as a breeding-place of Anopheles. 
We have mentioned the breeding of two species in collections of water in tree- 
holes, frequently far away from human habitations, but have not mentioned in 
this connection the accumulations of rain-water at the bases of the leaves of 
certain bromeliaceous plants in the tropics. A number of species of mosquitoes 
breed in such accumulations, and among them there is at least one Anopheles. 
In a suggestive paper entitled “ Waldmosquitos und Waldmalaria,” Dr. A. 
Lutz, formerly Director of the Bacteriological Institute of Sio Paulo, gives 
an account of the possible influence of such an Anopheles upon the con- 
struction of a railway. This railway was being built from Sao Paulo to Santos 
in Brazil, through an elevated well-wooded and wild region in which there were 
many mountain streams. Stagnant pools did not occur. During the con- 
struction of an adjoining railway intermittent fever had prevailed among the 
laborers, but after the line was completed it disappeared. During the construc- 
tion of the new line many laborers were lodged in clearings in the forest along 
the line. Intermittent fever soon appeared, especially in the lower portions, but 
in the hot seasons rising to the top of the mountain. The fever was mild, but 
relapses were frequent. Doctor Lutz personally investigated the conditions, and 
himself spent a few nights on the spot. The first night he found an Anopheles 
mosquito, afterwards described by Theobald as Anopheles lutzii.* He found 
it abundantly in the mountain forest near the coast, but never far inland. He 
made a careful search for the breeding-places, and by a process of elimination 
finally focused his attention upon the epiphytic Bromeliaces. These were very 
~ A species was previously given the same specifi ‘ 
changed to A. cruzit by Dyar & Knab. P Se RaTE BY Des Cella, te prevent obe.was 
