ASSOCIATION WITH MAN 223 
“Tn small compounds of the poorer natives, where one or two huts were 
present, no breeding-places were found. These natives had no discarded bottles, 
etc., in which water could collect, nor were wells or tubs or any article for the 
storage of water present, sufficient water for the day being drawn from one of 
the public wells. These compounds were exceedingly clean and tidy, and no 
mosquitoes were found breeding in them. Excepting these, breeding-places 
were found and increased in extent and number in proportion to the wealth and 
position of the occupier of the compound, reaching a maximum on the premises 
of the larger traders (natives and white), where innumerable facilities for the 
development of mosquitoes were afforded. These breeding places included all 
those domestic articles which are capable of containing a small quantity of 
water after showers lasting over a week without being dried up, or are not dried 
up between the frequent showers in the wet season. Such articles found were 
broken bottles, either stuck on a wall or scattered over the compounds, iron pots, 
old calabashes, tin-lined packing cases, cocoanut husks, fowl troughs, and old 
tins of all sorts. There was found an extraordinary amount of such-like rubbish 
in some of the factory compounds, the more specialized breeding-places included 
tubs, used for the storage of rain-water or as wash tubs for bottles, or in which 
water was placed for the preservation of the tub. Large barrels in which fibres 
were soaked, garden tubs in which water was stored for gardening purposes, 
old iron boilers for the collection of rain-water, improperly covered rain-tanks 
formed other breeding-places. In some of the factories a small gutter six inches 
across by four feet deep is let into the cemented floor of the yard around the 
ground-nut store house. This gutter is kept full of water to prevent the en- 
trance of the ground-nut insect into the store. These gutters swarmed with 
mosquito larve. In some yards a small channel runs down the centre to drain 
off rain water, and is generally covered over with a board. It was found that 
some of these had become clogged up at intervals with sand and rubbish, so that 
small pools of water collected along their course; these pools acted as breeding- 
places for mosquitoes. An account of an examination of one of the larger Euro- 
pean factories will illustrate to what extent mosquitoes are bred by the white 
man in the tropics on his own premises. In the factory yard were six barrels 
containing water, in some the water was very foul; in the garden were seventeen 
tubs containing water for gardening purposes, and besides this number of tubs 
there were eight wells, all uncovered. In all these articles mosquito larve were 
present ; in the barrels in the yard the water swarmed with Culex and Stegomyia 
larvee, and in the wells and tubs in the garden the larvae of Anopheles and Culex 
were found in all of them in good numbers. Besides these breeding-places there 
were many domestic articles scattered about in odd corners of the yard, which in 
the wet season would also have acted as breeding-places. 
“ Tt was observed that larve of A. costalis were frequently found in rain-tubs 
and smaller articles containing water. Though many of these larve may have 
been originally transferred to some of these articles along with the water drawn 
from the well, yet the occurrence of batches of larve of the same age and in fair 
numbers would tend to show that this species of mosquito avails itself of these 
small collections of water in which to breed. 
Stegomyia fasciata, in tubs and old bottles, ete. 
Culex fatigans, «« “and especially when the water was foul 
A. costalis, tubs and barrels 
Culex duttoni 
Culex hirsutipalpts 
Stegomyia pagens (rare), in ground-nut gutters. 
“ The wash-tubs, garden-tubs, wells, and rain-barrels occurring in compounds 
form the chief source of mosquito in Bathurst for at least six months of the dry 
