CLAIMS FOR OLD WORLD ORIGIN 297 
fess und nomadic character of the Indian long before it could have acquired any 
considerable increment or dimensions, They are not properly sociable in their 
dwelling places: if among them the social spirit exists it merely shows itself 
at the time of feasts, of warlike enterprises or of great migrations, etc. During 
transitory and passing occasions there are indeed agglomerations of people, but 
inchoate, ready to break up, and their camps can not even be called temporary. 
The occasion over, the multitude dissolves itself as by enchantment or before 
re oo of the wind. Now such conditions are not to the taste of Stegomyia 
asciata. 
“On the other hand, what do we find in Africa? One of the most striking 
ethnological characteristics of the black people is precisely the social spirit 
strongly developed. In the stories of all travelers we find at every moment ex- 
pressions of surprise and admiration as to the grouping of houses, attaining 
numerical dimensions so great as to prevent a rapid census. In that country 
there are frequently found centers of ten, fifteen or twenty thousand inhabi- 
tants, and yet these are barely called villages; in Africa the idea of a city is only 
given consideration with such centers as possess a multiple of the above figures. 
Here we have the condition of affairs that admirably meets that which stego- 
myia wants and demands. It is the very best condition for its life requirements : 
a hot and humid climate and very large groups of human beings. 
“ All I wish to set down in brief words is that a careful comparison of the 
ethnological situation there and here—and this certainly constitutes a factor 
of the utmost importance in the matter—at once demonstrates the indubitable 
advantage on the side of the African origin of Stegomyia fasciata. 
“ Another series of considerations which in the highest degree tend to upset 
the theory, so weak in its basis, of the American origin of Stegomyia fasciata, 
are opened up as soon as we weigh the results obtained by a critical examination 
of the partnership, Stegomyia fasciata—Culex fatigans. In a previous essay I 
frequently and persistently pointed out that these two mosquitoes are inseparable 
companions all over the world, and I demonstrated that, one a diurnal and the 
other a nocturnal mosquito, they together formed a partnership admirably or- 
ganized to take in daily cyclic rotation tribute from man in the tropical zone. 
“Now it is worth while noting that the type specimen, the original which 
served for the first description of Culex fatigans by Wiedemann in 1828, came 
from the oriental Indies. This circumstance, if indeed by itself alone it does not 
amount to proof, is nevertheless of no small symptomatic importance. 
“Task this: Does this ominous partnership of Stegomyia fasciata and Culex 
fatigans date from yesterday? Is it perhaps an accidental result in the tropical 
part of the New World? I believe that it is of a date much further back, and 
that we must find the locality where the pact was celebrated in some part of the 
Old World, and that it was not accidental but the natural consequence of an 
almost identity of common interests. 
“T believe that there are good arguments indicating an Hthiopic-Indian 
nativity of this alliance, and the more I examine it the more it seems desirable 
to me that there should be a conscientious and critical investigation undertaken 
into the question of an eventual parallelism between the distribution and dis- 
persion in ancient and modern times, of the black human race on the one hand, 
and of the two mosquito partners in their damnable offensive alliance on the 
other hand. 
“Tt is indispensable not to lose sight of the fact that he would be ill-advised 
who would permit himself to be impressed and influenced one-sidedly and par- 
tially by the aspect which things present today in this field. Do you wish an 
example? It is not necessary to go far to find a most drastic one. Brazil today 
is the greatest producer of coffee and undoubtedly is the country where the 
