FUMIGANTS 375 
carry about heavy iron pots and barrels of sulphur. As to expense, he shows 
that at one dollar per pound the 25 grams used per one thousand feet cost some- 
what less than half a cent, whereas two pounds of sulphur per one thousand 
cubic feet would cost six cents. Moreover, it is pointed out that in practical 
work on a large scale the expense and trouble of hauling the disinfecting 
equipment from one place to another would be greatly diminished. He con- 
cludes that while mercuric chloride can not altogether take the place of sulphur, 
it has a hitherto unrecognized effect, especially with reference to flies and 
mosquitoes. 
OTHER FUMIGANTS. 
In the early anti-mosquito work in European cities different substances were 
experimented with. Fermi and Lumbao, in their outlined experiments, recom- 
mend chlorine gas. These writers advise that 4 or 5 spoonfuls of chloride of 
lime be placed in a dinner plate and that from 5 to 10 cubic centimeters of crude 
sulphuric acid be poured upon it. This liberates the chlorine gas which kills 
the mosquitoes. The same writers claim that the vapors of chloral act rapidly, 
killing mosquitoes in a few seconds. Celli and Casagrandi in their early ex- 
periments in Italy recommended a substance called larycith III, which is prob- 
ably a misprint for larvicide. This is dinitrocresol, a yellow aniline color, 
which kills adult mosquitoes when burned in small quantities. Formaldehyde 
gas was recommended in 1890, but has been found to have almost no insecticidal 
value.. 
Doctor John B. Smith found that the powdered stramonium or jimson weed 
(Datura stramonium) can be burned to advantage in houses. He recommends 
8 ounces to fumigate 1000 cubic feet of space. He states that it should be made 
up by the druggist with nitre or saltpetre, 1 part to 3 parts of Datura, so as to 
burn more freely. He states that the fumes are not poisonous to human beings, 
are not injurious to fabrics or to metals, and can be used with entire safety. 
He suggests that it be burned in a tin pan or ona shovel. (See Bulletin 216, 
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, page 12.) 
A long list of fumigants is given by Celli in his work entitled “ Malaria ac- 
cording to the new researches,” and this list has received a critical review 
which carries at the same time the results of certain experimental work by 
Arthur J. Kendall, in Bulletin No. 1 of the Laboratory of the Board of Health, 
Isthmian Canal Commission, Panama, 1906. Bulletin No. 2 of the same 
service (1906) contains an account of experiments in practical culicidal fumi- 
gation, also by Doctor Kendall. 
The burning of dried orange peel has been recommended as a deterrent against 
mosquitoes, but there seem to be no records of conclusive experiments, although 
we have been assured of its efficacy by a Japanese physician visiting the United 
States. 
In the course of his experiments with different disinfectants against mos- 
quitoes, Rosenau, of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, in Bulletin 
No. 6, of the Hygienic Laboratory (September, 1901), did his principal work 
with the formaldehyde and sulphur dioxide. We have mentioned his con- 
