446 MOSQUITOES OF NORTH AMERICA 
also in the open spaces between the small and scattered settlements. During 
the past two years cases of malaria on Staten Island are becoming very 
rare and for the past year Doctor Doty has been unable to secure any Anoph- 
eles, whereas in the beginning of the investigation they were found almost 
everywhere on the Island. The statistics of the Department of Health indicate 
the decrease of malaria from 1905 on. Prior to 1905 malaria was not regularly 
reported, but the number of cases was surely very much greater than that re- 
ported in that year. Since 1905, however, they are stated to have been as follows: 
1905, 33 cases ; 1906, 54 cases ; 1907, 4 cases ; 1908, 6 cases ; 1909, 5 cases. 
The work of exterminating malarial mosquitoes has been necessarily slow, 
as the area involved is considerable, the Island being about 16 miles long and 
four to six miles wide, with large areas between the various towns. The popula- 
tion probably is over eighty thousand inhabitants. 
The expense of the operations down to 1910 was about $50,000 ; this of course 
includes the expense of the extensive drainage operations in the salt marshes. 
Doctor Doty, in addition to being the Health Officer of the port of New York, 
is a Commissioner of Health of New York City, and carried out this work in his 
capacity as a municipal officer and not as a State official. 
There were some earlier and very much smaller pieces of work, which have 
previously been described by one of us. 
Dr. W. N. Berkeley, in the Medical Record of January 26, 1901, gave an 
interesting account of a malarial outbreak in a small town near New York City 
during the summer of 1900. Around a large pond in the vicinity of the town four 
or five cases had developed in August. The first case was that of a coachman 
who had caught malaria elsewhere and had relapsed. From his quarters 
in a long row of stables on one side of the pond the infection had been passed 
along to other stablemen and servants on the same side, to the distance of a 
quarter of a mile from the original site; a quarter of a mile in another direc- 
tion, across the pond, one other case appeared in a small child. Dr. Berkeley went 
to the town and discovered that Anopheles quadrimaculatus was fairly abundant 
in every bedroom of that area in which proper search was made. The breeding- 
places seemed to be segregated pools at the end of the pond (the pond itself con- 
tained fish) and post-holes and excavations. These last were numerous, as many 
buildings were going up. The following practical measures were adopted: (1) 
Extermination of all the Anopheles found in houses by a party of men sent out 
for the purpose, followed by a systematic introduction of screens in windows 
and doors; (2) filling in of the smaller breeding-places and the drainage of 
the pond; (3) the protection of every malarious patient by netting and other- 
wise from the bite of mosquitoes, so long as he had malarial parasites in his 
blood. The results were as prompt as they were gratifying. Not a single new 
case of malaria developed ; Anopheles disappeared entirely from houses where 
it had been common, and Cwlea was greatly diminished in numbers. 
It will thus appear that, considering the economic loss existing in the United 
States through malaria, nothing like the competent work has been done that 
should have been done within the territorial limits of the United States them- 
