MOSQUITO EXTERMINATION SOCIETY 447 
selves. The United States government has done admirable work in Cuba, for 
another people, and it has done excellent work in the Isthmian Canal Zone, but 
in its own home territory it has done nothing. State governments have done 
almost nothing, if we except the drainage work done in New Jersey. Malaria 
campaigns have been local and on the whole very unsatisfactory. 
The same comparative indifference holds in other countries, and often even 
where work is begun under good auspices and with excellent indications, it has 
failed of securing the best results. Major C. E. P. Fowler, R. A. M. C., in his 
report on malarial investigations in Mauritius, 1908, points out that on that 
Island the great fault has been in non-attention to small details, as for instance 
in dealing with neglected surface water such as is found in the small ditches 
along roadsides, in field drainage channels and in holes in the ground, and fail- 
ure in keeping up the larger work already carried out. He states that no 
forethought seems ever to have been expended on keeping the work already car- 
ried through in proper working order. Where drains or ditches had been laid 
down only a few months previously he found them time after time choked with 
vegetation and forming excellent breeding-places for Anopheles. The same 
thing applied to rivers: the government had cleared them, but it seems to have 
been nobody’s business to keep them clear. According to this report, there seems 
to be a general impression among all classes of people, not only in Mauritius, that 
to carry on anti-malarial work means the outlay of vast sums. People prefer to 
sit idle and complain that they have not the means to carry out the work. He 
shows that a few gangs of men can do a great deal in the way of ridding a district 
of breeding-grounds, and that their employment does not imply a heavy outlay. 
It is true that even where work is not directed specifically against malaria, but 
against the mosquito nuisance, the breeding-places of Anopheles are for the most 
part disposed of, and they are prevented from breeding, together with the other 
species of mosquitoes, and for this reason a little space will be devoted to some 
of the productive efforts which have been made in the United States aside from 
those which have already been considered at some length. 
In the early days of anti-mosquito work in this country, 1901 and 1902, the 
rather rare citizens who appreciated the situation and who did their best to stir 
up their communities to organized effort should be mentioned, as far as this has 
not been already done. Among them we have specifically in mind, Dr. Albert F. 
Woldert, of Philadelphia, and later of Texas; Dr. Henry Skinner, of Phila- 
delphia; Dr. H. A. Veazie and Dr. H. G. Beyer, and a little later Dr. Quitman 
Kohnke, of New Orleans; Major Barton, of Winchester, Va.; Dr. W. S. Thayer, 
of Baltimore ; Mr. Spencer Miller, of South Orange, N. J.; Dr. W. F. Robinson, 
of Elizabeth, N. J.; Dr. J. W. Dupree, of Baton Rouge. We have found it un- 
necessary to mention any entomologists in this list, and of course since those 
early days nearly every economic entomologist has become an apostle. After 
1902 the ranks became greatly increased and at the present time conditions are 
being bettered, although still there is no large well-organized campaign directed 
solely against malaria. 
