Topographical Features 13 c 
their outlets are found.!. From a distance this low land does not show up at all. 
Where the beach is low it is represented by gravel and sand, gradually going 
over into low tundra or swamps which at some places stretch right up to the 
large lakes described above. (Plate II, fig. 1). Real sand dunes are also found, 
reaching heights up to ten feet and lying between the beach and the tundra 
bluffs which slope gradually upwards until they fall off into the bluff slopes on 
the north sides of the big lakes. Dotted over this “island” part of the penin- 
sula, and especially on low tundra or swamp ground, are many smaller lakes 
and innumerable ponds, the former with outlets during the snow-melting period.” 
Smaller creeks, which are almost dried up by the end of June, come down to the 
sea nee and there and often form extensive sand bars and lagoons at their 
mouth. 
The coast between Konganevik point and Collinson point has the general 
character described above, with the difference that there are no very large lakes 
inland and that a gravel beach mostly intervenes between the sea and the 
tundra. Near the mouth of Katokturok river the higher tundra comes as 
rolling hills down to the beach, in much the same way as east of Collinson point. 
Further east again flat and low tundra sets in in the form of clay plains with 
sparse vegetation, and with gravel banks along the creeks. 
Regarding the immediate surroundings of Collinson point I refer to the 
detail map made by Chipman and Cox 1913-14, and to Leffingwell’s map of 
Camden bay (Plate XIII). My own observations, from September 1913 
to July 1914 inclusive, will be found in connection with the description of the 
vegetation of the locality. 
The coast between Barter island and Herschel island 
Martin point and Icy reef, where I made some observations in July and. 
Aug. 1914, are referred to in a following chapter dealing with the vegetation of 
the region, and concerning the coast around the international boundary I refer 
to the boundary survey map of 1912. At Demarcation point the Coastal plain 
shows practically the same features as farther west or east except that it is 
considerably narrower owing to the proximity of the mountains and to the fact 
that tundra bluffs front the east side of Demarcation bay for a considerable 
distance, the coast east of the long sandspit forming Demarcation point. 
Herschel Island 
Herschel island is about 9 miles east and west by 5 miles north and south, 
at its broadest. There are three prominent sandspits, viz.: on the southwest, 
on the south, and on the southeast sides, the latter one forming Pauline cove. 
Around the whole of the island, rising either from the sandspits or directly 
from the water, are cliffs of muddy sand, or sandy mud with sometimes con- 
siderable black, loamy mud. There is a little gravel in places, but very few 
boulders and stones. The cliffs range up to 40-50 feet in height, and from the 
top of them the island slopes upward to a maximum of about 550 feet. The 
top of the island is rolling and 1s traversed by broad valleys in the middle of 
which small creek gorges are sometimes developed.? Small lakes and ponds 
occur, especially in the higher parts of the island, and here and there ground ice 
is exposed, especially at the slumps which take place during the summer thaw. 
The island may be considered a raised delta formation, though subfossil shells 
have been found. : ; 
Along the greater part of the north side there is no beach at all, and the 
high, steep mud cliffs there are constantly eroded both by the sea and by the 
numerous creeks and temporary freshets which intersect them. The result is a 
1 See Plate II, fig. 1, in Vol. IV, Pt. A, and Plate I, fig. 1, in Vol. VII, Pt. N, of these reports. 
2 Plate V, fig. 2, in Vol. VII, Pt. J, of these reports. 
3 see Plate Vil, fe. 2, in Vol. III, Pt. K, of these reports. 
