SPORT AND SCIENCE ON THE 
and occupied by a family named Chang. A 
great many Chinese place-names originated after 
this manner. The actual town, or that part 
enclosed by a town wall, is very small, but the 
suburbs are very extensive, spreading over the 
whole of the valley and reaching right up along 
the deep and narrow gorge leading up to the 
Han-nor-pa pass. This last section, which is 
mainly composed of camel inns and _ business 
establishments dealing directly with the Mongols, 
and which lies outside the Great Wall (northern 
loop), is known as K’ou-wai (outside the mouth). 
The next section, which consists of cart inns for 
Chinese, artisans’ workshops and private Chinese 
houses, is known as Shang-pu (upper town). 
The lowest section, known as MHsia-pu (lower 
town), is much the largest and includes the walled 
town and a large area of godowns, hotels, inns 
and business establishments, all of which have 
sprung into existence since the opening of the 
railway. 
It is this new factor that makes Kalgan unique 
amongst the border towns. On one side of the 
river, which is spanned by a strong stone bridge, 
we have a busy centre, presenting many of the 
features of a treaty port, with corrugated iron 
sheds, Europeanized shop-fronts, one or two 
foreign-built bungalows, railway sidings and so on. 
On the other side we have a centre, just as busy, 
but typically Oriental. Here are bazaars, where 
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