44 MANUAL OF FRUIT DISEASES 
be planted to take care of the excess moisture in the autumn. 
Such a crop would be particularly desirable following a dry 
summer. (4) Where irrigation is practiced, the operation 
should be discontinued in time to allow maturation. (5) The 
heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizers should be avoided 
except early in spring. (6) Low, wet soils should be thoroughly 
tile-drained. (7) Trunks and limbs of trees susceptible to 
sun-scald should be sprayed or painted with whitewash in the 
fall or early winter. This method seems more feasible than 
shading with a board. 
But with all these precautions some injury will doubtless 
occur. Where frost cankers are developed, the injured bark 
should be removed and the wound treated as described on 
page 54. 
The protection of the buds and blossoms from the action of 
spring frosts has been shown to be practicable. Orchard-heat- 
ing is entirely possible and is practiced with profit in the West, 
and it is recommended for other regions. To combat frost, 
considerable preparation is necessary and the initial invest- 
ment is large. The average cost an acre each year for heating 
is from $10 to $12. Materials such as coal, wood, crude oil, 
straw or rubbish of any kind are used as fuel. The weather 
conditions must be thoroughly understood in order to carry on 
the work successfully. 
REFERENCES 
Mix, A. J. Sun-seald of fruit trees a type of winter injury. Cornell 
Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 382 : 237-284. 1916. (Bibliography.) 
Chandler, W. H. The killing of plant tissue by low temperature. 
Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Research bul. 8: 143-309. 1913. 
(Bibliography.) 
Grossenbacher, J. G. Crown rot, arsenical poisoning and winter- 
injury. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Technical bul. 
12: 369-411. 1909. (Bibliography.) 
Grossenbacher, J. G. Crown rot of fruit trees: fiéld studies. New 
York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Technical bul. 23: 3-59. 1912. 
Reddick, D. Frost injury. New York State Fruit Growers’ Assn. 
Proc. 11: 34-41. 1912. 
