APPLE DISEASES 45 
Eustace, H. J. Winter injury to fruit trees. New York (Geneva) 
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 269 : 323-343. 1905. 
Morse, W. J., and Lewis, C. E. Maine apple diseases. Non-parasitic 
diseases. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 185: 341-352. 1910. 
Macoun, W. T. Winter injury to fruit trees. Canada Exp. Farms 
Rept. 1907-1908 : 110-116. 1909. 
Whipple, O. B. Winter injury to the fruit buds of the apple and the 
pear. Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 91: 35-45. 1912. 
O’Gara, P. J. The protection of orchards in the Pacific Northwest 
from spring frosts by means of fires and smudges. U. S. Agr. 
Dept. Farmers’ bul. 401: 5-24. 1910. 
Stewart, F. C., and Eustace, H. J. Two unusual troubles of apple 
foliage. I. Frost blisters on apple and quince leaves. New York 
(Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 220: 217-225. 1902. 
Craig, J. Observations and suggestions on the root killing of fruit 
trees. Iowa Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 44: 179-213. 1900. 
Buack-Rot CANKER 
Caused by Physalospora Cydonia Arnaud 
This disease is best known as the New York apple-tree canker, 
in those regions bordering the Great Lakes, because of the 
prominence of this form of the trouble in that section of the 
country. In New England, Virginia and the Ozark portions 
of the United States, black-rot of the fruit and spots of the 
foliage are the more common forms with which the grower has 
to contend. Speaking generally for northeastern America, 
the Middle West and southeastern Canada, this apple disease, 
in one or more of its three forms, stands second only to apple- 
scab in importance. In other regions where it occurs it attracts 
considerable attention, but is plainly of less consequence than 
bitter-rot or apple-blotch. In the Middle Atlantic states it 
is less important than apple-rust. The disease, while present 
in most European countries, does little damage outside of 
North America. ‘ 
Affected fruit is rotted and, as in the case of apple-scab, 
apple-blotch and bitter-rot, is rendered practically worthless 
