APPLE DISEASES 53 
ductive limbs can be profitably removed. If the lesion ex- 
tends more than half around the limb, no attempt should be 
made at removing the canker; the entire branch should be 
removed. 
In the removal of cankered limbs the cut may be made so 
that another shoot can grow in the approximate space left by 
the portion removed. The position of the canker on the limb 
determines the feasibility of the operation. In case the canker 
is at some point a few feet from the parent branch the affected 
portion of the limb may be removed by sawing off the same 
between the canker and the parent branch. On the cut end 
may then be grafted a desirable variety. This grafting of 
stubs is justified in certain cases, but should always be supple- 
mented by careful spraying of the bark. The grafts should be 
watched closely, since the canker fungus may enter the limb at 
such points. 
In cases where the whole limb is cut from the tree, the cut 
should be made at the junction of the limb with the parent 
branch. The cut should be made close to and perfectly even 
with the outline of the larger supporting limb without regard to 
the size of the resulting wound. A rough, splintered surface is 
highly undesirable and may be avoided by the following pro- 
cedure preliminary to making the finalcut. Sawabout one-third 
through the limb from the lower side at a point one foot beyond 
the place where the final cut is to be made. The next cut on 
the upper side is made an inch beyond the first cut. The cut- 
ting on the upper side should continue until the limb is severed. 
This leaves a stub about a foot long which must now be removed, 
cutting, as previously outlined, close to the main limb. It is 
important that no stub be left, even if it is but a few inches in 
length, for the presence of a stub retards, or wholly prevents, 
healing. In those cases where a callus does not occlude the 
wound ina relatively short time, heart-rot is almost sure to result. 
It requires comparatively little time and expense to clean and 
